Semantic context effects in visual word recognition, sentence processing, and reading: Evidence for semantic strategies.

Eisenberg, Peter; Becker, Curtis A.

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.8.5.739

Cited by 29 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…A three-factor analysis of the error data yielded a significant interaction between stimulus set and prime type [F(2,232) suggested (Eisenberg & Becker, 1982), the model he proposed does not apply when the SOA between prime and target presentation is short. In effect, the short-SOA results support Becker's interpretation of the stimulus set effect's being strategic in nature.…”

Section: Category Setmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What remains to be determined is whether or not changes in proportion of related pairs produce similar results when subjects are induced to adopt an expectancy or inhibition-dominant strategy. If this is This study was intended to address the argument raised by Becker (e.g., Becker, 1980;Eisenberg & Becker, 1982) that his verification model, in conjunction with two hypothesized strategies of word recognition, represents a viable alternative to dual-process-based models of word recognition and semantic priming. With different stimuli-or at least independently selected stimuli-and more subjects (60 vs. 48), the pattern of results indicated a qualitative difference in performance on the two stimulus sets.…”

Section: Category Setmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A strength of the dual-process model is that it successfully predicts the interaction between prime-target SOA and context with respect to attentioninduced priming effects. This problem has been recognized (Eisenberg & Becker, 1982), but not addressed.…”

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Automatic and strategic effects in semantic priming: An examination of Becker’s verification model

1985

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Becker's (1980) verification model, in conjunction with a two-strategy hypothesis, is cited as an alternative to a dual-process model (e.g., Posner & Snyder, 1975) of word recognition and semantic priming. Becker's approach suggests that individuals can use either an "expectancy" or a "prediction" strategy in word recognition, and maintains that the verification model successfully predicts certain patterns of facilitation and inhibition in a semantic priming task that a dual-process model cannot. The present study demonstrated that when a long stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA = 1,000 msec) is used between prime and target, support is given to Becker's findings, and to the verification model approach. However, at a short SOA (200 msec), no evidence is found for the hypothesized difference between strategic processes. The results are consistent with other findings (e.g., Neely, 1977) in showing that strategic factors in semantic priming are largely inoperative at short prime-target SOAs, and suggests that Becker's model is not general enough to rule out some type of dual-process model.An increasing number of studies have in the last few years been directed at the nature of semantic priming (e.g., Antos, 1979;Becker, 1979Becker, , 1980de Groot, Thomassen, & Hudson, 1982; den Heyer, Briand, & Dannenbring, 1983; Fischler, 1977a Fischler, , 1977bLorch, 1982;Meyer & Schvaneveldt, 1971;Meyer, Schvaneveldt, & Ruddy, 1975;Neely, 1976Neely, , 1977Stanovich & West, 1979. The central finding in this research is that the processing of a word or target is facilitated if that word or target is preceded by a related word or prime. Although there are a large number of methodological variations, a common procedure involves a lexical decision task (word-nonword decision).Following the dual-process model of Posner and Snyder (1975), much of the current research concerned with semantic priming is aimed at automatic and attentioninduced priming effects. Attention-induced priming is distinguished from automatic priming in that the former requires effort and processing capacity and is relatively

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Section: Category Setmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Category Setmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Automatic and strategic effects in semantic priming: An examination of Becker’s verification model

1985

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“…The respective successes and failures of two-process theory and the verification theory to explain the basic facts of contextual effects have been discussed elsewhere (Eisenberg & Becker, 1982;Schuberth, Spoehr, & Lane, 1981;Stanovich & West, 1983). The focus of the present experiments is on how well these two models predict the effects of changes in the contextual environment-which presumably influence the expectations a subject may entertain as the experiment progresses-on the pattern of lexical decision latencies for various test items.…”

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confidence: 91%

“…Experiments 7 and 8), and by increasing the delay between the last word of the context to be read and the presentation of the word to be named (Stanovich & West, 1981, Experiment 2). Becker (1980;Eisenberg & Becker, 1982) has presented an alternative explanation for the effects of sentence contexts. In his verification model, a semantic context elicits a set of candidate words against which the test stimulus can be matched following preliminary sensory analysis.…”

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Effects of constraint and validity of sentence contexts on lexical decisions

Fischler

Bloom

1985

Memory & Cognition

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Recent models of sentence context effects predict that the pattern of facilitation and inhibition of response to sentence completions should be influenced by the experiment-wide contextual "environment." In the present experiments, this environment was manipulated in several ways, including the degree to which contexts constrained possible completions, the probability of predictable completions' being presented, and the probability of congruous completions' being presented. In Experiment 1, decreasing the proportion of congruent test words had no effect on either the facilitation for highly likely words or the inhibition for incongruent words; increasing the proportion of predictable words produced no increase in facilitation for these words, but did increase the inhibition for incongruous words. In Experiment 2, contexts with very high or very low degrees of constraint produced equivalent results when predictability was uniformly low: no facilitation for unlikely but congruent words, and inhibition for incongruent words. In general, the patterns of change in facilitation and inhibition caused by changes in the contextual environment were more consistent with the modified two-process model (Stanovich & West, 1983) than with the verification model (Becker, 1982). But the limited range of influence suggests that, under conditions approximating normal reading, little use is made of such "metacontextual" information. 128It is not difficult to demonstrate that sentence contexts can influence performance on a variety of word processing tasks. But the mechanism of this influence, as well as its corresponding implications for theories of word retrieval and of reading, remains controversial. The present experiments concerned the extent to which a reader's expectancies can determine these context effects. Our approach was to vary systematically the information provided by sentence contexts at an "experiment-wide" level in several distinct ways. Recent models of the effects of verbal contexts make contrasting predictions about how changes in the contextual "environment" should influence the pattern of contextual effects.The basic paradigm involves presentation of an incomplete sentence context followed by a word that completes or continues the sentence. In most cases, some kind of neutral condition is used to separate context effects into facilitation-the advantage gained by presenting a test word that is congruous with the context-and inhibitionthe costs of incongruous test words. Schuberth and Eimas (1977) found both facilitation for congruous words and inhibition for incongruous words on lexical decision latency. Similar results were obtained by Fischler and Bloom (1979), who also showed that the amount of facilitation was positively related to the predictability of congruous words when predictability varied This research was reported in part at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Detroit, May 1981. We are grateful to Keith Stanovich and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments on the manusc...

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Judgment: a cognitive processing perspective

Pachur

Bröder

2013

WIRES Cognitive Science

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Historically, judgment research has been mainly concerned with identifying regularities in sensation (e.g., discriminability laws) and assessing judgment accuracy. More recently, the focus has shifted toward specifying the information processing mechanisms underlying judgment and modeling them, for example, as cognitive strategies. We contrast this strategy approach with previous prominent research programs on judgment and provide an overview of various process-level accounts that have been proposed in terms of computational models (e.g., compensatory and noncompensatory cue-abstraction strategies, evidence accumulation, exemplar processing, and parallel constraint satisfaction). Importantly, empirical investigations show that the cognitive processes underlying judgment differ considerably as a function of the individual's cognitive capacity and characteristics of the task environment (e.g., information cost, cognitive capacity, cue inter-correlations, relationship between cues and the to-be-judged criterion). We argue that these systematic contingencies in strategy use can be understood as adaptive responses to costs in learning, information acquisition, and strategy execution. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:665-681. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1259 CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

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Semantic context effects in visual word recognition, sentence processing, and reading: Evidence for semantic strategies.

Cited by 29 publications

References 15 publications

Automatic and strategic effects in semantic priming: An examination of Becker’s verification model

Automatic and strategic effects in semantic priming: An examination of Becker’s verification model

Effects of constraint and validity of sentence contexts on lexical decisions

Judgment: a cognitive processing perspective

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