Semantic generalization of value-based attentional priority

Grégoire, Laurent; Anderson, Brian A.

doi:10.1101/lm.050336.119

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…At the same time, we do not see the performance benefit on reward-associated ink-color trials observed in Krebs et al (2010), which might be explained by the generally low awareness of the reward contingencies in our study, as further suggested by the relationship between awareness and task performance. In this sense, our findings additionally demonstrate that the spillover effect observed for reward-related words is more likely the consequence of associative learning rather than a peripheral consequence of explicit strategy, consistent with the principle of cross-dimension value-driven attention (Anderson, 2015(Anderson, , 2016Anderson, Laurent, & Yantis, 2011 and the finding that value-based interference can be observed in participants unaware of the reward contingencies (Grégoire & Anderson, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

The influence of threat and aversive motivation on conflict processing in the Stroop task

Liao

Grégoire

Anderson

2020

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Motivated attention can be driven by the desire to maximize gains or escape punishment. In the Stroop task, when rewards can be obtained by responding quickly to certain colors, corresponding color words are prioritized and produce enhanced interference, suggesting transfer of an attentional bias from color hues to color words. In the present study, we replicated this transfer effect using reward and conducted a parallel experiment exchanging the prospect of reward (appetitive motivation) with the opportunity to avert punishment (aversive motivation). Participants were required to identify the color (hue) of color words and received electric shocks for responses to particular hues that were slow or incorrect. Shock-related words similarly impaired color-ink naming performance. In contrast to prior studies with reward, however, responding to hues associated with shock was also impaired, with threat producing an increase in error rate that ironically resulted in more frequent shocks. Our results suggest that aversive and appetitive motivation affect attention to task-relevant information differently, although each produces a common bias in automatic stimulus processing presumably driven by valence.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

The influence of threat and aversive motivation on conflict processing in the Stroop task

Liao

Grégoire

Anderson

2020

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…A similar interference effect has been observed in studies where a certain feature of an object was predictive of its reward but this feature was incongruent with the goal of the task, e.g. in many tasks employing the Stroop Effect (Bustamante et al, 2021; Grégoire and Anderson, 2019; Krebs et al, 2013, 2011, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Differential effects of intra-modal and cross-modal reward value on visual perception: ERP evidence

Vakhrushev

Cheng

Schacht³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Stimuli associated with high reward modulate perception and such value-driven effects have been shown to originate from the modulation of the earliest stages of sensory processing in the brain. In natural environments objects comprise multiple features (imagine a rolling soccer ball, with its black and white patches and the swishing sound made during its motion), where each feature may signal different associations with previously encountered rewards. How perception of such an object is affected by the value associations of its constituent parts is unknown. The present study compares intra- and cross-modal value-driven effects on behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of visual perception. Human participants first learned the reward associations of visual and auditory cues. Subsequently, they performed a visual orientation discrimination task in the presence of previously rewarded visual or auditory cues (intra- and cross-modal cues, respectively) that were concurrently presented with the target stimulus. During the conditioning phase, when reward associations were learned and reward cues were the target of the task, reward value of both modalities enhanced the electrophysiological correlates of sensory processing in visual cortex. During the post-conditioning phase, when reward delivery was halted and previously rewarded stimuli were task-irrelevant, cross-modal value-enhanced behavioral measures of visual sensitivity whereas intra-modal value led to a trend for suppression. A similar pattern of modulations was found in the simultaneously recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) of posterior electrodes. We found an early (90-120 ms) suppression of ERPs evoked by high-value, intra-modal stimuli. Cross-modal cues led to a later value-driven modulation, with an enhancement of response positivity for high- compared to low-value stimuli starting at the N1 window (180-250 ms) and extending to the P3 (300-600 ms) responses of the posterior electrodes. These results indicate that visual cortex is modulated by the reward value of visual as well as auditory cues. Previously rewarded, task-irrelevant cues from the same or different sensory modality have a different effect on visual perception, as intra-modal high-value cues may interfere with the target processing, whereas cross-modal high-value cues boost the perception of the target.

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“…Semantic generalization of learning has been widely found in fear/aversive conditioning (Boyle et al, 2016;Dunsmoor et al, 2012;Dunsmoor & Murphy, 2014;Grégoire & Greening, 2019;Koban et al, 2018;Lei et al, 2019;Lei et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2019) and was recently also demonstrated for reward learning (Grégoire & Anderson, 2019). Here, we show that semantic generalization can occur without any emotional or motivational factors, suggesting that it is a general associative learning mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Although the studies discussed above all involved fear/aversive conditioning, a recent study by Grégoire and Anderson (2019) extended the study of semantic generalization to reward learning. In a colour-naming (Stroop) task, two words were each paired with either high, low, or no reward.…”

Section: Semantic-based Associative Learning and Generalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was proposed that aversive or traumatic experiences promote inductive generalization. The demonstration that semantic generalization also occurs for rewarded stimuli (Grégoire & Anderson, 2019) suggests that inductive processes is in fact not specific to fear conditioning. Since most of the reasoning that people do in daily life is inductive in nature (Hayes & Heit, 2018), we aim to show that semantic generalization is part of a general associative learning mechanism not dependent on emotional or rewarding factors.…”

Section: The Current Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unconscious preparation: Effects of prime visibility on semantic generalization of task priming

Zher-Wen

2021

British J of Psychology

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Studies found that subliminal primes can be associated with specific tasks to facilitate task performance, and such learning is highly adaptive and generalizable. Meanwhile, conditioning studies suggest that aversive/reward learning and generalization actually occur at the semantic level. The current study shows that prime-task associations can also be generalized to novel word/neighbour primes from the same semantic category, and this occurs without contingency awareness. Previous studies have counterintuitively suggested that both the learning of task priming and the semantic priming of word neighbours depend on the lack of visibility. Here, we show that semantic generalization indeed depends on reduced visibility, but cannot occur subliminally. The current study shows for the first time that semantic learning and generalization can occur without any emotional or motivational factors, and that semantic priming can occur for arbitrarylinked stimuli in a context completely devoid of semantics.

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Semantic generalization of value-based attentional priority

Cited by 18 publications

References 40 publications

The influence of threat and aversive motivation on conflict processing in the Stroop task

The influence of threat and aversive motivation on conflict processing in the Stroop task

Differential effects of intra-modal and cross-modal reward value on visual perception: ERP evidence

Unconscious preparation: Effects of prime visibility on semantic generalization of task priming

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