“…Semantic similarity and the more general notion of semantic relatedness (Formica and Taglino, 2023;Hadj Taieb et al, 2020), is a fundamental research topic in different areas of computer science, for instance in semantic web search (Bollegala et al, 2011;Formica et al, 2010), bioinformatics (Berrhail and Belhadef, 2020;Sharma et al, 2021), crisis management (De Nicola et al, 2019), business processes (De Nicola et al, 2023b), Formal Concept Analysis (Formica, 2019;Wang et al, 2020), Geographic Information Systems (Alizadeh et al, 2021;Formica and Pourabbas, 2009), semantic interoperability (Taglino et al, 2023), etc., however, it is still a challenge. Computing the semantic similarity among textual data (e.g., words, sentences, or documents) is an open research problem in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), with several applications ranging from information retrieval and question answering to text summarization and machine translation.…”