Semantic Verbal Fluency: Normative Data in Older Spanish Adults From NEDICES Population-Based Cohort

Abstract

These norms may provide useful data for screening cognitive impairment more accurately in Spanish older adults.

Episodic Memory and Verbal Fluency Tasks: Normative Data from Nine Nationally Representative Samples

“…Numerous studies have examined the effect of sociodemographic variables on cognitive performance. Our findings are in line with other previous research reporting that both age and education have a strong impact on cognitive results, albeit with different magnitude effects (Alenius et al, 2019;Beeri et al, 2006;Brody, Kramarow, Taylor, & McGuire, 2019;Contador et al, 2016;Ganguli et al, 2010;Hankee et al, 2016;Melikyan et al, 2019;Olabarrieta-Landa et al, 2015;Sosa et al, 2009;Van Der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006). It is possible that 92 E. Lara et al…”

“…Finally, the residential area appeared to have a weaker influence on cognitive performance. Aspects of socioeconomic and sociocultural status could possibly influence cognitive scores (Contador et al, 2016). Furthermore, differences in the study population (e.g.…”

“…Previous research has provided neuropsychological norms for various settings and age-groups (Alenius et al, 2019;Beeri et al, 2006;Cavaco et al, 2013;Contador et al, 2016;Costa et al, 2014;Guruje et al, 1995;Hänninen et al, 2010;Kosmidis, Vlahou, Panagiotaki, & Kiosseoglou, 2004;Machado et al, 2009;Mejía-Arango, Wong, & Michaels-Obregón, 2015;Mitrushina, Boone, & Razani, 2005;Olabarrieta-Landa et al, 2015;Sosa et al, 2009;Vogel, Stokholm, & Jorgensen, 2019;Yang et al, 2012). For example, Sosa et al (2009) showed normative values by sex, age, and education for four components of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group cognitive test battery for 13,649 individuals aged 65þ years in five Latin American countries, China, and India.…”

“…Although many widely used cognitive measures have been validated and standardized for evaluation of individuals across the life span, norms from some groups of individuals with diverse socioeconomic and cultural characteristics, especially among those countries where the population aging will be concentrated, are scarce or non-existent. Moreover, the majority of earlier research used convenience and/or small samples (Beeri et al, 2006;Cavaco et al, 2013;Costa et al, 2014;Guruje et al, 1995;Hänninen et al, 2010;Kosmidis et al, 2004;Machado et al, 2009;Mejía-Arango et al, 2015;Olabarrieta-Landa et al, 2015;Sosa et al, 2009;Vogel et al, 2019;Yang et al, 2012) rather than nationally or community-based representative samples (Abbott et al, 2019;Alenius et al, 2019;Contador et al, 2016;Kenny et al, 2013). Numerous studies have showed the sociodemographic influence on neuropsychological instruments based on methodological approaches that rely on artificial categorization.…”

Spanish version of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale‐2 for early detection of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment

“…All participants were assessed using a standardized neuropsychological battery composed of the following tests: the 37‐item version of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE‐37; Baldereschi et al ., ; Contador et al ., ), the Word Accentuation Test (WAT; Nelson and O'Connell, ; Del Ser et al ., ), the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (Grober and Buschke, ; Peña‐Casanova et al ., ), a 15‐item short‐form of the Boston Naming Test (Mack et al ., ; Calero et al ., ), the Stroop Colour‐Word Test (Golden, ; Peña‐Casanova et al ., ), the Gesture Sequences subtest from the Barcelona Test (Peña‐Casanova, ), a semantic verbal fluency task (animals category; Isaacs and Kennie, ; Contador et al ., ), a phonemic verbal fluency task (the Controlled Oral Word Association Test; Benton and Hamsher, ; Rami et al ., ), the Similarities test (WAIS‐III; Wechsler, ), the Block Design test (WAIS‐III; Wechsler, ), the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ; Pfeffer et al ., ; Olazarán et al ., ) and the 15‐item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (Sheikh and Yesavage, ; Martínez de la Iglesia et al ., ).…”