Semg-Based Neuro-Fuzzy Controller for a Parallel Ankle Exoskeleton With Proprioception

A Highly Efficient Semiphenomenological Model of a Half-Sarcomere for Real-Time Prediction of Mechanical Behavior

“…Equation (17) well describes the hysteretic response of a sarcomere under passive sinusoidal stretch-release cycles, as shown in Fig. The nonlinear function f2(V) characterizes the viscous feature of titin, and c3 is also a fit ting parameter.…”

“…1), and the mechanical property of P2 has been formulated in the Force Kinetics of the AE Affected by Velocity section. Because PI does not include the viscoelasticity of the AE, here we adopt the simpler scheme that accounts for the parallel pas sive force of titin (Fve) proposed by Denoth et al [28] fve =fl(W (V) (17) f°, An elaborate dynamic three-element pseudoplastic model for the passive char acteristics of the whole fiber was proposed by Meyer et al [38].…”

“…Very detailed Markov schemes and a multicompartment model [10] have been proposed to describe the homeostasis of intracellular [Ca2+], taking into account the Ca2+ release and uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the buffering effect of troponin, aden osine triphosphate (ATP), parvalbumin, Ca2+ pump, etc. Such complexity has caused great difficulty for these models to be applied to practical engineering, which often requires fast prediction, real-time con trol, and self-learning of parameters [17], Furthermore, engineer ing applications usually require a model to provide the dynamic transfer relation between the stimulus signal and the mechanical output (like force and length), which are very often the only meas urable quantities. However, the exploration of working kinetics of the active element (AE) or myosin motor has always been a key part of biomechanical modeling of skeletal muscle.…”

Acceleration of Ion Diffusion Due to the Electromagnetic Effects of Ion Currents in Nanochannels

“…Such integrated effects actually represent the distribution of electromagnetic signals on the membrane, and they can affect the expressions of membrane potential information when treating with EMG [16].…”

4M-Model Based Bionic Design of Artificial Skeletal Muscle Actuated by SMA

“…Many actuator devices (such as electric motors, hydraulics and pneumatics) and smart materials (such as EAP and SMA) have been put forth as AM. Conventional actuator devices, such as DC motor [8][9][10][11][12] and hydraulics [13] are hard to imitate skeletal muscles because of their low power density and large volume. Pneumatic artificial muscles [14] can imitate the performance of natural muscle, but they are noisy and require a separate pump to provide the energy.…”