(Semi-)Interpenetrating polymer networks as fuel cell membranes

Chikh, Linda; Delhorbe, Virginie; Fichet, Odile

doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.020

Cited by 168 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 81 publications

(111 reference statements)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The IUPAC classification of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) architecture is "Polymer comprising two or more networks that are at least partially interlaced on a molecular scale but not covalently bonded to each other and cannot be separated unless chemical bonds are broken" [26][27][28] . The goal of the IPN material is the combination of physicochemical properties of individual functional polymers in the same material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An alternative for the modification of some porous supports is interpenetration of polymer network (IPN) synthesis 26,27 . Some samples of commercial disposable micro-porous membranes are polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene 23 .The IUPAC classification of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) architecture is "Polymer comprising two or more networks that are at least partially interlaced on a molecular scale but not covalently bonded to each other and cannot be separated unless chemical bonds are broken" [26][27][28] . The goal of the IPN material is the combination of physicochemical properties of individual functional polymers in the same material.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Functional Ion Membranes Supported Inside Microporous Polypropylene Membranes to Transport Chromium Ions: Determination of Mass Transport Coefficient

Tapiero

Rivas

Sánchez

2014

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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Polypropylene (PP) membranes incorporating interpenetrating polymer networks of poly [(ar-vinylbenzyl) trimethylammonium chloride](P(ClVBTA)) and poly[sodium (styrenesulfonate)] P(SSNa) were modified via an "in-situ" radical polymerization synthesis inside the pores. The modified polypropylene membranes were characterized using SEM, ATR/FTIR, DRX, TGA, and Donnan dialysis for the transport of chromium ions. The modified membranes exhibited a percent modification between 2.5% and 4.0% in weight gain and a hydrophilic character with a water uptake capacity between 15% and 20%. The mass transport coefficient was determined using the non-linear fit of the experimental data to the exponential equation. Hexavalent chromium ions were efficiently transported by the modified membranes containing P(ClVBTA). At pH 3.0, the M4Cl.PEI (11.0×10 -6 m s -1 ), and at pH 9.0, the M3Cl (14.4×10 -6 m s -1 ) could transport hexavalent chromium ions efficiently using a 1 mol L -1 NaCl extraction agent. In the same way, the transport of trivalent chromium could be performed using membranes modified with P(SSNa). At pH 3.0 and 4.0×10 -2 mol L -1 trivalent chromium in the food chamber, the M9Na.PVA (16.3×10 -6 m s -1 ) performed efficient transport using 1×10 -3 mol L -1 HNO 3 as the extraction agent.Keywords: interpenetrating polymer network, membranes, Donnan dialysis, chromium, ion exchange, and polypropylene. INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental pollution of water, soil, and air is a serious problem when it includes oxyanions. Some oxyanion water-contaminating species employed in industry are chromate, arsenate, permanganate, hydrogen selenite, and selenate. A particular case is the derivatives of the chromium oxyanions. Chromium ions have two oxidation states in the water, for example, the trivalent chromium Cr(III) and hexavalent chromium Cr(VI).Cr(VI) produces the oxyanion (chromate) and the polyoxyanion (dichromate). These oxyanions are the more toxic ionic species and cause serious health problems such as cancer. The toxicity depends on the concentration and the exposure period 1,2 . Cr(VI) oxyanions are water-soluble across all pH ranges and accumulate well in biological systems (bioassimilable), and their speciation depends on the pH and concentration. If the pH is strongly acidic and the Cr(VI) ions are highly concentrated, the chromium ions exist as dichromate The most common methods developed to remove Cr(VI), and Cr(III) ions from polluted solutions are reduction and precipitation 9 , adsorption 10 , and ion exchange 11,12 . Membrane technologies allow for reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, dialysis, diffusion dialysis, Donnan dialysis, membrane electrolysis, and electrodialysis 4,12-14 (liquid, emulsified and supported) 13,15,16 . However, it is difficult to eliminate the oxyanions Cr(VI) and the Cr(III) ions selectively from the water. The improvement of the removal methods and the production of new functional polymer materials are very useful in the development of new technologies for removal, retention, an...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Ion Membranes Supported Inside Microporous Polypropylene Membranes to Transport Chromium Ions: Determination of Mass Transport Coefficient

Tapiero

Rivas

Sánchez

2014

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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“…The optimization of polymer membranes for FC strongly depends on the knowledge of its nanostructure and proton transport mechanism, as well as the characterization of electrochemical, thermal and mechanical properties [6,7] . Among the methods aiming the optimization of polymer membranes, attention is given to the sulfonation of commercial polymers and the use of basic polymers, such as poly(imidazole) and poly(benzimidazole) [8] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPN) as a polymeric membrane have been proposed and described in the literature, due to the possibility of free volume control associated with mechanical, thermal and chemical stability, usually exhibited by these systems [10] , although few studies have been reported. In 2011, Chikh and co workers published a review describing the application of Semiinterpenetrating Polymer Networks (SIPN) as polymeric membranes [7] . According to the IUPAC definition, while an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) is T E C H N I C A L -S C I E N T I F I C S E S S I O N -A polymer comprising two or more networks which are at least partially interlaced on a molecular scale, but not covalently bonded to each other and cannot be separated unless chemical bonds are broken; a SIPN (Semi-IPN) is A polymer comprising one or more polymer networks and one or more linear or branched polymers characterized by the penetration on a molecular scale of at least one of the networks by at least some of the linear or branched macromolecules (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proton conductive membranes based on poly(styrene-co-allyl alcohol) Semi-IPN

Loureiro¹,

Marins²,

Anjos³

et al. 2014

Polímeros

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Abstract:The optimization of fuel cell materials, particularly polymer membranes, for PEMFC has driven the development of methods and alternatives to achieve systems with more adequate properties to this application. The sulfonation of poly(styrene-co-allyl alcohol) (PSAA), using sulfonating agent:styrene ratios of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10, was previously performed to obtain proton conductive polymer membranes. Most of those membranes exhibited solubility in water with increasing temperature and showed conductivity of approximately 10 -5 S cm -1. In order to optimize the PSAA properties, especially decreasing its solubility, semi-IPN (SIPN) membranes are proposed in the present study. These membranes were obtained from the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), curing reactions in presence of DDS (4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone) and PSAA. Different DGEBA/PSAA weight ratios were employed, varying the PSAA concentration between 9 and 50% and keeping the mass ratio of DGEBA:DDS as 1:1. The samples were characterized by FTIR and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Unperturbed bands of PSAA were observed in the FTIR spectra of membranes, suggesting that chemical integrity of the polymer is maintained during the synthesis. In particular, bands involving C-C stretching (1450 cm -1 ), C=C (aromatic, ~ 3030 cm .

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