“…The basic idea is to employ neural networks to reconstruct the anomalous regions, and detect anomalies by calculating the error between the original and reconstructed images (Jiang et al 2023). Due to the uncertainties of the image environment such as noise interference, various lighting conditions, and variable camera viewing angles (Peng et al 2023), image anomaly detection faces numerous challenges, resulting in low detection performance. In response to these, researchers from China and other countries have proposed various new solutions.…”