“…The neglect of spatial variation may be valid because the fracture has a much higher permeability than the matrix block, often by several orders of magnitude (Sen, 1995; Warren & Root, 1963). The LPAâbased model was commonly employed for the problems of gas flow (e.g., Dejam et al., 2018; Jerbi et al., 2017; Ranjbar et al., 2013; Ranjbar & Hassanzadeh, 2011), solute transport (Bibby, 1981; Brusseau et al., 1994; Samardzioska & Popov, 2005), and heat transfer (Heinze & Hamidi, 2017). Besides, the LPAâbased model was also applied to investigate the infiltration in variably saturated soils (Gerke & van Genuchten, 1993a, 1993b) and pumpâinduced flow in fractured aquifers (De Smedt, 2011; Dougherty & Babu, 1984; Greene et al., 1999; TamayoâMas et al., 2018; Wang & Xue, 2018) in the literature of subsurface flow.…”