“…According to the gross-margin model, formate is considered to be one of the most economically feasible products in the CO 2 RR, which can be widely used as an important raw material in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, as well as a potential hydrogen carrier and the liquid fuel for proton-exchange membrane fuel cell [4][5][6]. Up to now, various metal-based electrocatalysts, such as Pd, In, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Sn, have been exploited to achieve the CO 2 electroreduction to formate [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Among these electrocatalysts, Sn-based materials have attracted considerable attention due to their advantages of earth abundance, non-toxicity, and low cost.…”