Semiquantitative Atomic Force Microscopy-Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Chemical Gradients in Silicone Optical Waveguides

Abstract

Crossing losses in silicone optical waveguides are related to the magnitude and spatial extent of the waveguide refractive index gradient. When processing conditions are altered, the refractive index gradient can vary substantially, even when the formulation remains constant. Controlling the refractive index gradient requires control of the concentration of small molecules present within the core and clad layers. Developing a fundamental understanding of how small molecule migration drives changes in crossing loss requires the ability to examine chemical functionality over small length scales, which is a natural fit for atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR). In this work, AFM-IR spectra from model bilayer stacks are initially examined to understand molecular migration that occurs from heating the core and clad layers. The results of these model studies are then applied to photopatterned waveguide builds, where structure–function relationships are constructed between values of crossing loss and the concentration of C–H and O–H functionalities present in the core and clad layers. Results show that small molecule evaporation and migration are competing processes that need to be controlled to minimize crossing loss.

Non‐invasive treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury: Effective transmission of therapeutic near‐infrared light into the human brain through soft skin‐conforming silicone waveguides

“…19 Additionally, silicone waveguides have previously been used to efficiently transmit IRL for spectroscopic purposes and biomarker detection. 20 , 21 , 22 Similar technology has been found to enhance delivery of light to a target tissue. 23 …”

“…Our IDWs consist of low‐durometer silicone waveguides, which have good optical transparency in the near IRL range 19 . Additionally, silicone waveguides have previously been used to efficiently transmit IRL for spectroscopic purposes and biomarker detection 20–22 . Similar technology has been found to enhance delivery of light to a target tissue 23 …”