Semiquantitative estimation of <i>Shigella</i> antigen‐specific antibodies: correlation with disease severity during shigellosis

Islam, Dilara; Wretlind, Bengt; Hammarström, Lennart; Christensson, Birger; Lindberg, Alf A.

doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1996.tb04912.x

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…The resulting immunity offers protection against future infection with the homologous serotype (8,9). In addition to the LPS antibody response, the infected host also responds quite vigorously against the Shigella invasins (13,26,27,31). Most infected individuals produce antibodies to IpaB and IpaC and, at a lower frequency, to IpaD, IpaA, and VirG; in fact, it is not unusual to see an antibody response directed at only the invasins and LPS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monkeys or humans infected with Shigella produce antibodies predominantly to IpaB and IpaC (26) and at lower frequency to IpaA, IpaD, and VirG (IcsA; another plasmid-encoded virulence protein which is required for intercellular spreading). One of the best antigen preparations for measuring the immune response to virulence components of Shigella is the water-extractable antigen (13,17,26) which is capable of measuring the antibody response to IpaB, IpaC, IpaD, and VirG. It is not clear if antibodies reactive with the water extract bind to individual soluble proteins or bind to a native virulence structure within the water extract.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Isolation and Characterization of a Shigella flexneri Invasin Complex Subunit Vaccine

2000

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The invasiveness and virulence of Shigella spp. are largely due to the expression of plasmid-encoded virulence factors, among which are the invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa proteins). After infection, the host immune response is directed primarily against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the virulence proteins (IpaB, IpaC, and IpaD). Recent observations have indicated that the Ipa proteins (IpaB, IpaC, and possibly IpaD) form a multiprotein complex capable of inducing the phagocytic event which internalizes the bacterium. We have isolated a complex of invasins and LPS from water-extractable antigens of virulent shigellae by ion-exchange chromatography. Western blot analysis of the complex indicates that all of the major virulence antigens of Shigella, including IpaB, IpaC, and IpaD, and LPS are components of this macromolecular complex. Mice or guinea pigs immunized intranasally with purified invasin complex (invaplex), without any additional adjuvant, mounted a significant immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody response against the Shigella virulence antigens and LPS. The virulence-specific response was very similar to that previously noted in primates infected with shigellae. Guinea pigs (keratoconjunctivitis model) or mice (lethal lung model) immunized intranasally on days 0, 14, and 28 and challenged 3 weeks later with virulent shigellae were protected from disease (P < 0.01 for both animal models).Shigellosis is a leading cause of human diarrheal disease. Each year millions of cases occur, particularly in developing countries, with over 1 million cases resulting in death (15). The constant emergence of antibiotic resistance in Shigella spp. (12), even to the newest antibiotics, underscores the need for an effective vaccine to help control Shigella disease. Vaccine strategies must consider the need for protection against four species of Shigella (S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae, and S. boydii) with over 45 different serotypes, and also enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), as cross-protection is not significant between the species. Historically, successful Shigella vaccines have emphasized presentation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a manner that will elicit protection. Such vaccines include live attenuated vaccines (25, 32) and delivery of Shigella LPS or O polysaccharides with carriers such as proteosomes (28), tetanus toxoid (6), or ribosomes (16). Of these vaccine approaches, only the live attenuated vaccines utilize the native invasiveness of the shigellae to deliver the LPS and other antigens to the mucosal immune system, presumably via the follicle-associated epithelium (33). The residual pathogenicity of the attenuated vaccine strains may limit this approach unless further attenuation is achieved (7).The pathogenesis of Shigella is attributed to the organism's ability to invade, replicate intracellularly, and spread intercellularly within the colonic epithelium. The invasion of host cells by Shigella spp. is a complex multifactorial event in which many different bacterial proteins are involved. M...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of a Shigella flexneri Invasin Complex Subunit Vaccine

2000

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“…Previously, we have also shown that total IgA (tIgA) as well as sIgA is greatly increased in the stools of patients with acute shigellosis.3' This was most prominent in patients with severe disease. 33 Thus, in these patients there is an increased local production of IgA in the inflamed mucosa that is transported into the gut lumen both by secretory component dependent and non-dependent mechanisms. Previously we have shown the loss of serum proteins (IgG, albumin, and IgA) into the faeces, probably due to ulceration or exudation through the inflamed mucosal epithelium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative assessment of IgG and IgA subclass producing cells in rectal mucosa during shigellosis.

Islam¹,

Veress²,

Bardhan³

et al. 1997

Journal of Clinical Pathology

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Aims-To assess quantitatively both the morphological changes in the rectal mucosa and the changes in the relative frequency of IgA and IgG subclass producing cells found in the rectal mucosa during the acute phase of shigellosis and at convalescence. Methods-Rectal biopsies from 25 Shigella dysenteriae 1 infected patients, 10 Shigella flexneri infected patients, and 40 uninfected controls were studied. Morphological changes in the mucosa were graded. The frequency of IgA and IgG subclass producing cells was assessed. In addition, immunostaining for secretory component in epithelial cells was analysed. Results-Using morphological grading, 20% of the 35 patients studied had advanced inflammation (grade 3) in the acute phase of the disease. At convalescence, grade 1 inflammation was seen in 37% of the patients and in 10% of the controls. In the acute phase, as well as at convalescence, the number of IgA,, IgA2, and IgG2 positive cells was significantly higher than in the controls. The results were related to the histopathological degree of inflammation.Conclusions-In shigellosis, there is evidence for a prolonged humoral response residing in the mucosa long after the clinical symptoms have resolved, suggesting that shigellosis induces persisting mucosal humoral immune and inflammatory responses, remaining at least until 30 days after the infection. (C Clin Pathol 1997;50:513-520)

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“…The disease severity may also have diminished the magnitude of CF-specific responses. Previous studies evaluating immune responses following Shigella infection showed a positive correlation between the disease severity and humoral responses (11,12). Of the subjects in the study by Qadri et al, 85% were moderately or severely dehydrated and 100% were hospitalized.…”

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confidence: 84%

Case Series Study of Traveler's Diarrhea in U.S. Military Personnel at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey

Porter

Mohammady

Baqar

et al. 2008

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Military personnel with traveler's diarrhea (n = 202) while deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, from June to September 2002 were evaluated for pathogen-specific immune responses. Serologic and fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) titers to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli antigens (CS6, CS3, and LT) were quite low. In contrast, subjects with Campylobacter infections had high serologic and fecal IgA responses.

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Semiquantitative estimation of Shigella antigen‐specific antibodies: correlation with disease severity during shigellosis

Cited by 13 publications

References 57 publications

Isolation and Characterization of a Shigella flexneri Invasin Complex Subunit Vaccine

Isolation and Characterization of a Shigella flexneri Invasin Complex Subunit Vaccine

Quantitative assessment of IgG and IgA subclass producing cells in rectal mucosa during shigellosis.

Case Series Study of Traveler's Diarrhea in U.S. Military Personnel at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey

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