Senecavirus A-induced glycolysis facilitates virus replication by promoting lactate production that attenuates the interaction between MAVS and RIG-I

Abstract

Senecavirus A (SVA)-induced porcine idiopathic vesicular disease has caused huge economic losses worldwide. Glucose metabolism in the host cell is essential for SVA proliferation; however, the impact of the virus on glucose metabolism in host cells and the subsequent effects are still unknown. Here, glycolysis induced by SVA is shown to facilitate virus replication by promoting lactate production, which then attenuates the interaction between the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). SVA induces glycolysis in PK-15 cells, as indicated by significantly increased expression of hexokinase 2 (HK2), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFKM), pyruvate kinase M (PKM), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) in a dose-and replication-dependent manner, and enhanced lactate production, while reducing ATP generation. Overexpression of PKM, PGK1, HIF-1α, and PDK3 in PK-15 cells and high glucose concentrations promote SVA replication, while glycolytic inhibitors decrease it. Inhibition of RLR signaling allowed better replication of SVA by promoting lactate production to attenuate the interaction between MAVS and RIG-I, and regulatory effect of glycolysis on replication of SVA was mainly via RIG-I signaling. SVA infection in mice increased expression of PKM and PGK1 in tissues and serum yields of lactate. Mice treated with high glucose and administered sodium lactate showed elevated lactate levels and better SVA replication, as well as suppressed induction of RIG-I, interferon beta (IFNβ), IFNα, interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The inhibitory effect on interferons was lower in mice administered sodium oxamate and low glucose compared to the high glucose, indicating that RLR signaling was inhibited by SVA infection through lactate in vitro and in vivo. These results provide a new perspective on the relationship between metabolism and innate immunity of the host in SVA infection, suggesting that glycolysis or lactate may be new targets against the virus.

Lactate facilitated mitochondrial fission-derived ROS to promote pulmonary fibrosis via ERK/DRP-1 signaling

“…Lactate is generated from pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, catalyzed by LDHA, thereby regulating intracellular pH and sustaining energy metabolism [ 52 ]. Targeted LDHA inhibitors, such as Sodium Oxamate and Gossypol, have been extensively reported in numerous studies and have shown significant efficacy in animal models of various diseases [ 53 – 56 ]. These research findings suggested that targeting the LDHA-mediated pathway offered a novel approach to combat pulmonary fibrosis and halt disease progression.…”

Seneca Valley virus 3Cpro antagonizes host innate immune responses and programmed cell death

“…Second, by cleaving MAVS (Qian et al, 2017) at Q148, SVV 3C pro interrupts its interaction with RIG-I (Wen et al, 2019), leading to reduced activation of downstream pathways. Recent studies have shown that SVV infection suppresses the interaction between MAVS and RIG-I by promoting lactate production through glycolysis, thereby facilitating virus replication (Li et al, 2023). SVV 3C pro also possesses deubiquitinase activity, which inhibits the ubiquitination of RIG-I, TBK1, and TRAF3 (Xue et al, 2018b).…”