Senescence and Postharvest Physiology

Sacher, Joseph A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.24.060173.001213

Cited by 261 publications

(128 citation statements)

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“…Some authors consider ethylene as the actual trigger of senescence (16); others feel that metabolic processes preceding ethylene synthesis lead to the onset of senescence, and that ethylene regulates the rate of the terminal deteriorative changes (9,10). The results of Figure 5 Further support for the second hypothesis can also be derived from Figures 6 and 7.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene and Senescence in Petals of Tradescantia

Suttle

Kende²

1978

Plant Physiol.

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Flowers of Tradescantia (clone 02) which are ephemeral, produce ethylene during senescence with the maximum rates occurring during the initial period of fading. Senescing isolated petals produce ethylene in a similar manner, exhibit a loss of membrane semipermeability, and exogenous ethylene hastens the onset as well as the subsequent rate of this loss. The aminoethoxy analog of 0.1 millimolar rhizobitoxine completely inhibits ethylene production by isolated petals but only partially the loss of membrane semipermeability. Isolated petals acquire a sensitivity to ethylene as they mature, becoming fully sensitive on the day of anthesis.Ethylene has been shown to be involved in the regulation of senescence in a variety of plant organs including fruits and flowers (1,2,7,(13)(14)(15) containing distilled H20. Each tube was inserted into a perforated foam stopper which was placed into a 50-ml plastic syringe. The plunger of the syringe was adjusted to give an air space of 30 ml, and the syringe was sealed with a serum vial cap. The progress of flower fading was viewed through the plastic walls of the sealed syringes. In order to study the effect of an exposure of flowers to ethylene, batches of flowers were gassed simultaneously with 10 ,ul/l ethylene for 90 min in a 50-ml stoppered plastic syringe. Upon completion of this treatment, the flowers were removed and placed into individual 50-ml syringes as described above. The length of time from sealing this syringe until the flowers had completely closed was noted.Ethylene Production by Isolated Floral Tissue. Flowers were excised from the plant early on day 0 and were dissected into sepals, petals, and the remaining organs (ie. stamens, gynoecium, and receptacle). The respective parts from three flowers were placed into a 25-ml Erlenmyer flask containing 5 ml of 1% agar as support. The flasks were sealed, and ethylene determinations were made throughout the day.Isolated Petals. Petals were isolated either from buds on day -1 or from flowers on day 0. The petals were floated on 5 ml of glass-distilled H20 or solutions of the aminoethoxy analog of rhizobitoxine in 50-ml Erlenmeyer flasks with side arms; each flask was sealed with a serum vial cap and fitted with a conical cuvette attached with a 2.5-cm rubber tubing to the side arm. This assembly allowed continuous measurement of both ethylene concentration in the headspace and the absorbance of the bathing medium.Determination of Pigment Efflux and Ethylene Production. Anthocyanin efflux was monitored in the sealed system by tipping the flask such that a portion ofthe bathing medium was introduced into the conical cuvette, thereby allowing for the measurement of the absorbance ofthe bathing medium at 575 nm, using a Coleman Junior Colorimeter (Coleman Instruments, Oak Brook, Ill.). Ethylene production was measured by withdrawing a 1-ml gas sample from the headspace in the incubation flask and injecting it into a gas chromatograph as described previously in studies with Ipomoea flower tissue (9). Each sample rem...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene and Senescence in Petals of Tradescantia

Suttle

Kende²

1978

Plant Physiol.

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“…Auxin has pervasive roles in regulating many aspects of plant growth and development and in response to various environmental cues (Zhao, 2008), and its involvement in senescence has long been observed (Sacher, 1973). However, how auxin affects leaf senescence is not clear.…”

Section: Auxin May Promote Leaf Senescence In Arabidopsismentioning

confidence: 99%

SAUR36, a SMALL AUXIN UP RNA Gene, Is Involved in the Promotion of Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis

2012

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Small Auxin Up RNA genes (SAURs) are early auxin-responsive genes, but whether any of them are involved in leaf senescence is not known. Auxin, on the other hand, has been shown to have a role in leaf senescence. Some of the external application experiments indicated that auxin can inhibit leaf senescence, whereas other experiments indicated that auxin can promote leaf senescence. Here, we report the identification and characterization of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf senescenceassociated gene named SAG201, which is highly up-regulated during leaf senescence and can be induced by 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, a synthetic auxin. It encodes a functionally uncharacterized SAUR that has been annotated as SAUR36. Leaf senescence in transfer DNA insertion saur36 knockout lines was delayed as revealed by analyses of chlorophyll content, F v /F m ratio (a parameter for photosystem II activity), ion leakage, and the expression of leaf senescence marker genes. In contrast, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing SAUR36 (without its 39 untranslated region [UTR]) displayed an early leaf senescence phenotype. However, plants overexpressing SAUR36 with its 39 UTR were normal and did not exhibit the early-senescence phenotype. These data suggest that SAUR36 is a positive regulator of leaf senescence and may mediate auxin-induced leaf senescence and that the 39 UTR containing a highly conserved downstream destabilizes the SAUR36 transcripts in young leaves.

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“…As they ripen, the fruit produce a large quantity of ethylene. The gas thus undoubtedly plays a role in the ripening of these and many other fruits, but it is not yet known how its production is triggered nor how it initiates the ripening process (1,11,16). In 1975, Lieberman et al (12) showed that AVG3, a derivative of the antibiotic rhizobitoxine, strongly inhibited ethylene production by a variety of plant tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and Countereffects of Ethylene on Ripening of Bartlett Pear Fruits

Ness¹,

Romani²

1980

Plant Physiol.

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Pear fruits (Pyrss comnunis L. var. Bartlett) were treated with solutions containing aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) using a modified vacuun infiltration method that introduced 43 milliliters solution per 100 grams tissue.At concentrations of 1 miimolar, AVG strongly inhibited ethylene production and delayed for 5 days the respiratory climacteric and accompanying ripening changes in skin color and flesh firmness. AVG was less effective in inhibiting the ripening of more mature fruits. Fruit infiltrated with 5 mHimolar AVG had not begun to ripen 12 days after initiation of ripening in the controls. When treated with ethylene the inhibited fruit exhibited a climacteric rise in respiration, softened, and became yeilow.Treatment of the AVG infiltrated fruits with ethyelne for 24 hours resulted in no recovery in endogenous ethylene production, but in a stimulation of protein synthesis measured as a 200% increase in leucine incorporation by excised tissue and a 74% increase in the percentage of ribosomes present as polysomes.Pears which have developed a "ripening capacity" will ripen in response to ethylene that is either applied or which has accumulated endogenously to a critical concentration. As they ripen, the fruit produce a large quantity of ethylene. The gas thus undoubtedly plays a role in the ripening of these and many other fruits, but it is not yet known how its production is triggered nor how it initiates the ripening process (1,11,16). In 1975, Lieberman et al. (12) showed that AVG3, a derivative of the antibiotic rhizobitoxine, strongly inhibited ethylene production by a variety of plant tissues. AVG and related compounds are recognized as potentially useful tools for probing both the biosynthesis ofethylene and its action. The specificity of inhibitors can, however, always be questioned. AVG is believed to block ethylene synthesis between S-adenosylmethionine and 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (1, 5). It may interfer with other pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reactions (10) and may also inhibit tRNA charging (3).Wang and Mellenthin (20) infiltrated intact Anjou and Bartlett pears with solutions of AVG. They found that ethylene production was at least partially inhibited in both varieties. However, the ripening of Bartletts was not affected, whereas that of the Anjous was delayed by about 2 days. The present investigation relates an effective delay of Bartlett fruit ripening by AVG and the subsequent release of the inhibition by treatment with ethylene.

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Senescence and Postharvest Physiology

Cited by 261 publications

References 0 publications

Ethylene and Senescence in Petals of Tradescantia

Ethylene and Senescence in Petals of Tradescantia

SAUR36, a SMALL AUXIN UP RNA Gene, Is Involved in the Promotion of Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis

Effects of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and Countereffects of Ethylene on Ripening of Bartlett Pear Fruits

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