Sense combinations influence the neural mechanism of L2 comprehension in semantically violated sentences: Insights from emotioncy

Functional Role of the N400 and the P600 in Language-related ERP Studies with Respect to Semantic Processing: An Overview

“…They revealed that involving more senses during the instruction of the target words can lead to a smaller amplitude of the N400 in response to the processing of semantically anomalous sentences containing the instructed words. Likewise, Pishghadam et al ( 18 ) used the emotioncy model to explain the effect of sense combinations in modulating the N400 during the processing of semantically anomalous sentences. They revealed that different sense combinations did not have a significant effect on the N400 amplitude during the processing of semantic anomalies.…”

“…They argued that L2 learners could find the conflict in syntactically correct but semantically implausible sentences, and they show the same neural responses, a P600 effect, as the native speakers do. In a very recent study on second language learners, Pishghadam et al ( 18 ) argued that the LPC effect, as a later manifestation of the P600, might be the result of reanalysis in participants when confronted with a conflict in the semantic representation of the sentence and what they have expected.…”

Multisensory Input Modulates P200 and L2 Sentence Comprehension: A One-Week Consolidation Phase

“…Several lines of research (e.g., Sparks et al, 1998 ; Stein et al, 2010 ; Aral and Sağlam, 2016 ; De Niear et al, 2016 ; Schneider and Kulmhofer, 2016 ; Myréen, 2017 ; Broadbent et al, 2018 ; Holler and Levinson, 2019 ; Jajarmi and Pishghadam, 2019 ) converge to suggest that the quality of input is associated with the characteristics of sensory representations, which are likely to take pivotal functions in how sensory signals cooperate with each other ( Azamnouri et al, 2020 ; Shayesteh et al, 2020 ). Although there have been recent ERP studies addressing the role of sense combinations in overall L2 sentence comprehension (e.g., Shayesteh et al, 2020 ; Pishghadam et al, 2021b ), there is only one single study that has investigated the role of multiple senses in the attention-related P200 component ( Shayesteh, 2019 ). Based on the results of the study, there exists no change in the P200 amplitude if the input contains information from the combination of three or five senses.…”

“…To address the core assumption of the current study and provide multisensory input, we chose a list of L2 vocabulary items about which the subjects had no previous knowledge. L2 was selected since all the similar studies were conducted in the subjects’ foreign language ( Shayesteh et al, 2020 ; Pishghadam et al, 2021a , b ). It is also believed that the emotional responses which can influence any kind of cognitive processing are absent in individuals’ non-native languages ( Dylman and Bjärtå, 2018 ).…”

“…It is also believed that the emotional responses which can influence any kind of cognitive processing are absent in individuals’ non-native languages ( Dylman and Bjärtå, 2018 ). Following Pishghadam et al (2021b) and Shayesteh et al (2020) , we elaborated on the meaning and features of the selected items in a session we called the instruction session. To control the weight of senses in giving the instructions, we relied on previous behavioral (e.g., Pishghadam and Abbasnejad, 2016 ; Pishghadam and Shayesteh, 2016 ; Pishghadam et al, 2018 ) and electrophysiological ( Shayesteh et al, 2020 ; Pishghadam et al, 2021a , b ) studies and used Pishghadam (2016) sensory-based model of emotioncy (emotion + frequency) which exclusively illustrates different combinations of senses.…”