“…Instructions to subjects may set up expectancies that facilitate or degrade performance (Berch & Kanter, 1984;Dember, Galinsky, & Warm, 1992;Lucaccini, Freedy, & Lyman, 1968;. With respect to sensory modality, visual and tactile tasks usually yield steeper decrements and lower overall accuracy than do auditory tasks (Buckner, Harabedian, & McGrath, 1968;Davies et al, 1984;Hatfield & Loeb, 1968;Warm & Jerison, 1984). Visual tasks also appear more stressful to the subject than do auditory tasks (Galinsky, Rosa, Warm, & Dember, 1993).…”