The novel coronavirus disease and
its complications have motivated
the design of new sensors with the highest sensitivity, and affinity
for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is considered in many research
studies. In this research article, we employ full atomistic molecular
dynamics (MD) models to study the interactions between the receptor
binding domain (RBD) and spike protein of the coronavirus and different
metals such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and silver (Ag) to analyze
their sensitivity against this virus. The comparison between the RBD
interactions with ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) and different
metals indicates that metals have remarkable effects on the structural
features and dynamical properties of the RBD. The binding site of
the RBD has more affinity to the surfaces of gold, platinum, and silver
than to the other parts of the protein. Moreover, the initial configuration
of the RBD relative to the metal surface plays an important role in
the stability of metal complexes with the RBD. The binding face of
the protein to the metal surface has been changed in the presence
of different metals. In other words, the residues of the RBD that
participate in RBD interactions with the metals are different irrespective
of the initial configurations in which the [Asn, Thr, Tyr], [Ser,
Thr, Tyr], and [Asn, Asp, Tyr] residues of the protein have a greater
affinity to Ag, Au, and Pt, respectively. The corresponding metals
have a considerable affinity to the RBD, which due to strong interactions
with the protein can change the secondary structure and structural
features. Based on the obtained results during the complexation process
between the protein and metals, the helical structure of the protein
changes to the bend and antiparallel β-sheets. The calculated
binding energies for the RBD complexes with silver, gold, and platinum
are −95.03, −138.03, and −133.96 kcal·mol–1, respectively. The adsorption process of the spike
protein on the surfaces of different metals represents similar results
and indicates that the entire spike protein of the coronavirus forms
a more stable complex with the gold surface compared with other metals.
Moreover, the RBD of the spike protein has more interactions with
the surfaces than with the other parts of the protein. Therefore,
it is possible to predict the properties of the coronavirus on the
metal surface based on the dynamical behavior of the RBD. Overall,
our computational results confirm that the gold surface can be considered
as an outstanding substrate for developing new sensors with the highest
sensitivity against SARS-CoV-2.