Sensing of Abiotic Stress and Ionic Stress Responses in Plants

Abstract

Plants need to cope with complex environments throughout their life cycle. Abiotic stresses, including drought, cold, salt and heat, can cause a reduction in plant growth and loss of crop yield. Plants sensing stress signals and adapting to adverse environments are fundamental biological problems. We review the stress sensors in stress sensing and the responses, and then discuss ionic stress signaling and the responses. During ionic stress, the calcineurin B-like proteins (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CBL−CIPK) complex is identified as a primary element of the calcium sensor for perceiving environmental signals. The CBL−CIPK system shows specificity and variety in its response to different stresses. Obtaining a deeper understanding of stress signaling and the responses will mitigate or solve crop yield crises in extreme environments with fast-growing populations.

The full-length transcriptome of Spartina alterniflora reveals the complexity of high salt tolerance in monocotyledonous halophyte

“…It has been reported that the Na + /K + ratio is very important in plant salt tolerance, and salt stress increases Na + but leads to loss of K + (G. Chen et al, 2015; Y. Zhang et al, 2018; X.…”

“…In general, Spartina maintained a higher K+ accumulation under high salt stress via the active gene expression dynamics of SaAKT2 , SaKAT2 , SaSKOR and SaNHX2 . It is suggested that AKT1 is a potassium transporter under lower K + conditions for uptake of K + , while AKT2 is one K + efflux carrier under higher K + conditions (Y. Zhang et al, 2018).…”

“…K. Zhu, 2002, 2016). SOS1 (Salt Overlay Sensitive 1) is the most well-known Na + /H + antiporter that is used to extrude Na + from root cells into the soil and load Na + into the xylem for long-distance transportation from roots to leaves via transpiration systems (Yang & Guo, 2018; Y. Zhang et al, 2018; J.…”

“…Zhu et al, 2018) and ion transporters from Shaker family are responsible for potassium uptake and transport (Barragan et al, 2012; Lacombe et al, 2000). AKT1 and AKT2 are two important potassium transporters from the Shaker family that function for both potassium influx and efflux (Y. Zhang et al, 2018).…”

Salicylic acid and potassium nitrate promote flowering through modulating the hormonal levels and protein pattern of date palm Phoenix dactylifera ‘Sayer’ offshoot

“…In plant tissues, the transport of water, nutrients, and carbohydrates is enhanced by potassium application (Safar-Noori et al, 2018). Potassium ions induce gene expression in light of environmental changing (Zhang et al, 2018a). Gene expression drives the biological process and stress properties.…”