“…Although this type of service benefits both the patients and healthcare providers, there are obstacles, such as data management, scalability, interoperability, device–network–human interfaces, security, and privacy, that need to be circumvented (Bietz et al, 2016; Farahani et al, 2018; Gomez et al, 2019; Martínez‐Caro, Cegarra‐Navarro, García‐Pérez, & Fait, 2018; Pang et al, 2015). - Smart cities : Smart environments require integrating a variety of domains (environment, economy, mobility, and energy) and multiple actors and/or stakeholders (service providers, citizens, and administrators), with heterogeneous and diverse technological solutions (Gomez et al, 2019), and connecting them to the physical IT, social network and business infrastructures (Bresciani, Ferraris, & Del Giudice, 2018; Chifor, Bica, & Patriciu, 2017). Examples of such applications include: (i) the continuous monitoring of the structural integrity of buildings, ensuring proper maintenance, and using sensors, interconnected to a centralized control system, for recording vibrations, deformations, pollution levels, temperature, and humidity, as well as other variables; (ii) the use of intelligent waste containers and garbage truck fleet tracking; (iii) real‐time air quality monitoring in crowded areas and parks; (iv) noise monitoring to enforce public security; (v) the use of sensors to control traffic and vehicles equipped with GPS; (vi) smart parking with road sensors or intelligent displays in the vehicles that guide the drivers' trajectory and parking availability; (vii) smart lighting to optimize street lighting efficiency according to the time of the day, weather condition, and presence of people; and (viii) the identification of the amount of energy required at any given time to manage energy consumption (Antonić, Marjanović, Pripužić, & Podnar Žarko, 2016; D'elia et al, 2015; Paul, Ahmad, Rathore, & Jabbar, 2016; Rathore et al, 2018; Rathore, Paul, Ahmad, & Jeon, 2017; Sheng et al, 2015; Zanella et al, 2014).
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