“…In fact, the investigation of many drugs of abuse has been explored with SERS including amphetamines, MDMA, and amphetamine-like substances (Bell et al, 2000;Sägmüller et al, 2001;Faulds et al, 2002); barbiturates (Farquharson and Lee, 2000); mephedrone (Mabbott et al, 2013); and other types of drugs including cocaine, morphine, hydrocodone, fentanyl, codeine, diazepam, and fentanyl analogs (Farquharson et al, 2011;Rana et al, 2011;Leonard et al, 2017;Haddad et al, 2018;Shende et al, 2019b;Wang et al, 2019, Smith et al, 2021Wang H. et al, 2021;Wang L. et al, 2021;Wilson et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021). The use of SERS has also enabled the analysis of these drug analytes in toxicological specimens such as urine, saliva, and blood (Inscore et al, 2011;Andreou et al, 2013;D'Elia et al, 2018;Shende et al, 2019a;Sivashanmugan et al, 2019;Han et al, 2021).…”