“…Mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxins, and patulin, are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus , Fusarium , Alternaria , and Penicillium spp. that pose a significant threat to the food and feed industry; after entering the food chain, these metabolites cause great harm to animal and human health. − Deoxynivalenol (DON, also referred to as vomitoxin) is the most widely distributed mycotoxin and reduces the yields and quality of grain, thus resulting in enormous economic losses in agriculture. , Moreover, DON causes significant acute and chronic diseases, such as vomiting, appetite disturbance, dyspeptic symptoms, nausea, and immune suppression. , Therefore, exploring effective methods is essential to addressing accidental DON contamination in the food and feed industry.…”