Sensitive Detection of Glycated Albumin in Human Serum Albumin Using Electrochemiluminescence

Abstract

Monitoring of blood glucose content is vital for diabetes patients. The conventional widely used method involves an invasive procedure for blood sampling. In addition, blood glucose measured by this way is affected by immediate food consumption and it does not show accurate baseline blood glucose measurement. Thus, monitoring blood glucose by a noninvasive method that accurately reflects baseline blood glucose content is important. Glycated albumin (GA), a biomarker for diabetes indicating the average blood glucose over 2 weeks, can be used for semilong-term blood glucose monitoring. Detection of GA in saliva is a noninvasive method that alleviates the use of needles for diabetic patients; however, its content in saliva is in the nanomolar range. Therefore, the GA enzymatic detection method was combined with the ECL method for a highly sensitive detection of GA in human serum albumin and in the saliva sample. Here, the standard curve was constructed using model substrate, FZK, between 0.1 and 2 μM, and GA in human serum albumin was measured in this range. Also, we successfully demonstrated the detection limit of 0.1 μM GA in human serum albumin sample using ECL, which has seen improvement of about 70 times more than the colorimetric methods. The detection of GA in real saliva sample suggested that sample dilution of 5 times may be necessary to suppress the ECL quenching effect by impurities.

Development of an Interdigitated Electrode-Based Disposable Enzyme Sensor Strip for Glycated Albumin Measurement

“…Several studies about the electrochemical biosensor for GA measurement have been reported using enzymes, antibody, aptamer or peptide as the biorecognition molecules and based on amperometry, electrochemiluminescence (ECL), impedance, voltammetry or field effect transistor (FET) as sensing principles [7,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. These studied are summarized in Table 1.…”

Benzothiazole‐Phenothiazine Conjugate Based Molecular Probe for the Differential Detection of Glycated Albumin

“…The conventional methods for detecting glycated proteins, including glycated hemoglobin and albumin, are based on various chromatography, electrochemistry, and immunochemistry techniques [12,28–30] . In the recent past, advanced immunoassay sensory platform, [31] enzymatic assay, [32] and electroluminescence [33] based techniques have been reported for the detection of glycated albumins. For bio‐analyte detection, the optical methods and assays are considered advantageous due to their simple design, ease of handling, low cost, and rapid quantification ability [34] .…”

Trends and Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Nanobiosensors

“…ECL has diverse analytical applications, such as identifying co-reactants, ECL enhancers and ECL quenchers, or used in biomolecules detection, food and drug analysis, clinical diagnosis and environmental monitoring due to its high sensitivity, broad linear range and rapid analysis. ECL has also been coupled to other analytical techniques, such as flow injection analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, and micro total analysis (mTAS) [ 7 , 8 , 15 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. The widespread use of ECL biosensors for biomolecule detection in various fields in the last decade has seen numerous adaptations incorporated in the fabrication of ECL biosensors, specifically to modify electrodes, ECL labels and ECL-emitting probes with different NSMs or NMs or MNCs and their composites.…”

“…Figure 1 specifically shows the number of research articles that have been published on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors in the last 10 years. Some of the important applications of biosensors include medical diagnosis [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], the food industry [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], biomedicine [ 18 ], forensic science [ 19 , 20 , 21 ] environmental monitoring [ 16 , 22 ], water characteristic testing [ 23 ], defense and the military [ 24 ], as well as security [ 25 ]. In real-world settings, biosensors have replaced many tedious, expensive and complex conventional analytical techniques.…”