Sensitive determination of heroin based on electrogenerated chemiluminescence of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(ii) immobilized in zeolite Y modified carbon paste electrode

Abstract

A novel method for rapid, inexpensive, sensitive and selective determination of heroin was proposed by flow injection electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). Zeolite Y sieves were used for the preparation of a ECL sensor by immobilizing tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)3(2+)) in their supercages, which was achieved through the ion exchange properties of the sieves. The electrochemical and ECL behaviors of Ru(bpy)3(2+) immobilized in zeolite Y modified carbon paste electrode was investigated. The immobilized Ru(bpy)3(2+) displayed a pair of surface-controlled redox peaks with an electron transfer rate constant of 1.2 +/- 0.1 s(-1) in 0.1 mol dm(-3) pH 6.3 phosphate buffer. The modified electrode showed an electrocatalytic response to the oxidation of heroin, producing a sensitized ECL signal. The ECL sensor showed a linear response to flow injection of heroin in the range of 2.0-80 micromol dm(-3) with a detection limit of 1.1 micromol dm(-3). This method for heroin determination possessed good sensitivity and reproducibility with a coefficient of variation of 1.99% (n = 15) at 50.0 micromol dm(-3). The ECL sensor showed good selectivity and long-term stability. Its surface could be renewed quickly and reproducibly by a simple polish step.

Electroanalytical Applications of Microporous Zeolites and Mesoporous (Organo)Silicas: Recent Trends

“…The modified electrode showed an electrocatalytic response to the oxidation of heroin, producing a sensitized ECL signal, which is thought to be due to the energetic electron-transfer reaction between electrogenerated Ru(bpy) 3þ 3 and the reducing intermediate, the deprotonated form of oxidized heroin ion free radical. The high stability of the device is illustrated by reproducible responses obtained in consecutive flow injection analyses [94].…”

“…The resulting device was then applied to the sensitive and selective voltammetric determination of l-dopa (precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine) in pharmaceutical formulations. An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was also developed on the basis of ZMCPE containing zeolite Y particles with entrapped Ru(bpy) 2þ 3 species, and applied to the sensitive determination of heroin [94]. The modified electrode showed an electrocatalytic response to the oxidation of heroin, producing a sensitized ECL signal, which is thought to be due to the energetic electron-transfer reaction between electrogenerated Ru(bpy) 3þ 3 and the reducing intermediate, the deprotonated form of oxidized heroin ion free radical.…”

Tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Sensor Based on Platinized Carbon Nanotube–Zirconia–Nafion Composite Films

“…The ECL sensors exhibited high sensitivity due to the increased surface area of the inorganic particles-based ECL sensors. Relatively simple immobilization methods based on ion-exchange of Ru(bpy) 3 2þ in cation-exchange polymer, Nafion [6], and zeolite Y [14] have been developed. Although the ECL sensor based on pure Nafion films can be easily fabricated but the stability of this sensor is problematic because the immobilized Ru(bpy) 3 2þ migrates into the electro-inactive hydrophobic region with time.…”

Separation and Detection of Narcotic Drugs on a Microchip Using Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography and Electrochemiluminescence

“…Many narcotic drugs, such as cocaine and heroin (molecular structures shown in Figure 1), contain a tertiary amino group and can generate strong ECL emission in the presence of Ru(bpy) 2þ 3 . ECL has been used to detect heroin [11,12] and cocaine [13,14] in real samples. Up to now, there has been no report on the determination of narcotic drugs on the CE microchip, probably because the microchip failed to provide a satisfactory separation with a shorter separation channel.…”