“…Ion-exchange chromatography continues to be widely used in carbohydrate separations, particularly for mono-, di-, and tri-saccharides, with some workers using anion exchange (216)(217)(218), some using cation exchange (217)(218)(219)(220), and others using combinations of both methods (221)(222)(223)(224)(225)(226). The use of borate complexes to separate sugars on ion-exchange columns has also been reported (227)(228)(229), while the incorporation of boronic acid residues into the column has also yielded good separations of vicinal diols (230). Molecular exclusion chromatography has been applied to the separation of polysaccharides ( 231), oligosaccharides (232) and substituted carbohydrates (233).…”