Sensitivity of a South American Frog to Curare

Brown, Gerald L.; Dias, M. Vianna

doi:10.1038/161234b0

“…Weiler and Strauss. All m.p.s tubocurarine, BTM8 is some nine times as active are uncorrected in the cat as in the rabbit,and Brown and Dias (1948). have reported a striking difference in the Ethylene bis-trimethylammonium dibromide.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Curare-like Action of Polymethylene bis-Quaternary Ammonium Salts

Barlow

¹

,

Ing

²

1948

Nature

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Tubocurarine chloride was shown by King (1935King ( , 1936 to be a bis-tetrahydroisoquinolinium salt containing two quaternary nitrogen atoms. The curare-like blocking of neuromuscular transmission is a property of " onium cations " in general, and it was thought that the exceptional potency of tubocurarine compared with shnple quaternary ammonium ions might be due in part to the presence of two such cationic groups at some optimal distance apart in the same molecule. With this in mind we have prepared and tested for curare-like activity a number of simple bisquaternary ammonium salts in which the nitrogen atoms were directly attached to the terminal carbon atoms of polymethylene chains of different lengths. Such salts may be conveniently referred to as " bis-onium salts " ; they were all polymethylene bis-onium dibromides of the general type :Few compounds of this type have been examined previously ; Brieger (1886) observed that tetramethylene bis-trimethylammonium hydroxide had some curare-like action in intact animals, and Ackermann (1921) made similar observations with the analogous ethylene and pentamethylene bistrimethylammonium aurichlorides.The following salts have been investigated. 1.Bis-trimethylammonium dibromides, Br{Me,N(CHJ,,NMe,}Br, where n was 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. They are referred to as BTM followed by the number (n) of methylene groups in the chain; thus trimethylene bis-trimethylammonium dibromide is referred to as BTM3.Br(Et,N(CH,),,NEt,}Br, where n was 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 13. They are referred to as BTEn. 2.Bis-triethylammonium dibromides, 3. Bis-strychninium dibromides, Br{C~~HaaO~N~(CH~)nC~~Ha~OaN~}~jT, where n was 2,3, and 5. They are referred to as BSn.Br{C,H7N(CHa),CsH,N}Br, where n was 3, 5, and 10. They are referred to as BQn. 5.Bis-(phenyldimethylaonium) dibromides, Br{PhMenN(CHa),,NMeaPh}Br, where n was 3 and 5. They are referred to as BPDMn.The following abbreviations will also be used : TM for tetramethylammonium iodide and T E for tetra-ethylammonium iodide A brief note on some of the results with these bis-onium salts has already appeared (Barlow and Ing, 1948). Bis-quinolinium dibromides, METHODThe choice of a method for comparing the curarelike activity of numerous compounds is a matter of some difficulty ; older methods have been reviewed by Ing (1936). Recently two methods have been devised for assaying tubocurarine solutions : Holaday (quoted by Bennett, 1941) developed the rabbit headdrop method and Chou (1947) used the isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat. We have tried to adapt Chou's method to the comparison of the curare-like activities of our bis-onium salts. Initially the apparatus and procedure were exactly the same as those used by Chou, except that the bath was smaller (50 ml. instead of 100 ml.). The condenser discharge stimuli used by Chou were of about 100 duration and as there was a tendency for the nerve to discharge more than once they were later replaced by square wave stimuli of about 0.10 duration. It wa...

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“…We also observed that the rat diaphragm was less sensitive to methylstrychninium and more sensitive to TM than the frog's sartorius ( R. esculenta ). Paton and Zaimis (1948) have noted that, compared with tubocurarine, BTM8 is some nine times as active in the cat as in the rabbit, and Brown and Dias (1948) have reported a striking difference in the sensitivities of Leptodactylus ocellatus and Rana temporaria to tubocurarine chloride. These differences in species sensitivity suggest that synthetic curare‐like drugs ought to be tested on a variety of species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Curare‐like Action of Polymethylene Bis‐quaternary Ammonium Salts

Barlow

¹

,

Ing

²

1997

British J Pharmacology

13

0

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Tubocurarine chloride was shown by King (1935King ( , 1936 to be a bis-tetrahydroisoquinolinium salt containing two quaternary nitrogen atoms. The curare-like blocking of neuromuscular transmission is a property of " onium cations " in general, and it was thought that the exceptional potency of tubocurarine compared with shnple quaternary ammonium ions might be due in part to the presence of two such cationic groups at some optimal distance apart in the same molecule. With this in mind we have prepared and tested for curare-like activity a number of simple bisquaternary ammonium salts in which the nitrogen atoms were directly attached to the terminal carbon atoms of polymethylene chains of different lengths. Such salts may be conveniently referred to as " bis-onium salts " ; they were all polymethylene bis-onium dibromides of the general type :Few compounds of this type have been examined previously ; Brieger (1886) observed that tetramethylene bis-trimethylammonium hydroxide had some curare-like action in intact animals, and Ackermann (1921) made similar observations with the analogous ethylene and pentamethylene bistrimethylammonium aurichlorides.The following salts have been investigated. 1.Bis-trimethylammonium dibromides, Br{Me,N(CHJ,,NMe,}Br, where n was 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. They are referred to as BTM followed by the number (n) of methylene groups in the chain; thus trimethylene bis-trimethylammonium dibromide is referred to as BTM3.Br(Et,N(CH,),,NEt,}Br, where n was 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 13. They are referred to as BTEn. 2.Bis-triethylammonium dibromides, 3. Bis-strychninium dibromides, Br{C~~HaaO~N~(CH~)nC~~Ha~OaN~}~jT, where n was 2,3, and 5. They are referred to as BSn.Br{C,H7N(CHa),CsH,N}Br, where n was 3, 5, and 10. They are referred to as BQn. 5.Bis-(phenyldimethylaonium) dibromides, Br{PhMenN(CHa),,NMeaPh}Br, where n was 3 and 5. They are referred to as BPDMn.The following abbreviations will also be used : TM for tetramethylammonium iodide and T E for tetra-ethylammonium iodide A brief note on some of the results with these bis-onium salts has already appeared (Barlow and Ing, 1948). Bis-quinolinium dibromides, METHODThe choice of a method for comparing the curarelike activity of numerous compounds is a matter of some difficulty ; older methods have been reviewed by Ing (1936). Recently two methods have been devised for assaying tubocurarine solutions : Holaday (quoted by Bennett, 1941) developed the rabbit headdrop method and Chou (1947) used the isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat. We have tried to adapt Chou's method to the comparison of the curare-like activities of our bis-onium salts. Initially the apparatus and procedure were exactly the same as those used by Chou, except that the bath was smaller (50 ml. instead of 100 ml.). The condenser discharge stimuli used by Chou were of about 100 duration and as there was a tendency for the nerve to discharge more than once they were later replaced by square wave stimuli of about 0.10 duration. It wa...

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Curare‐like Action of Polymethylene Bis‐quaternary Ammonium Salts

Barlow

¹

,

Ing

²

1948

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

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Tubocurarine chloride was shown by King (1935, 1936) to be a bis-tetrahydroisoquinolinium salt containing two quaternary nitrogen atoms. The curare-like blocking of -neuromuscular transmission is a property of " onium; cations " in general, and it was thought that the exceptional potency of tubocurarine compared with simple quaternary ammonium ions might be due in part to the presence of two such cationic groups at some optimal distance apart in the same molecule. With this in mind we have prepared and tested for curare-like activity a number of simple bisquaternary ammonium salts in which the nitrogen atoms were dir&tly attached to the terminal carbon atoms of polymethylene chains of different lengths. Such salts may be conveniently referred to as " bis-onium salts "; they were all polymethylene bis-onium dibromides of the general type:Br{ N-(CH2),-N.}Br Few compounds of this type have been examined previously; Brieger (1886) observed that tetramethylene bis-trimethylammonium hydroxide had some curare-like action in intact animals, and Ackermann (1921) made similar observations with the analogous ethylene and pentamethylene bistrimethylammonium aurichlorides.The following salts have been investigated. 1. Bis-trimethylammonium dibromides, Br{Me3N(CH2)"NMe3}Br, where n was 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. They are referred to as BTM followed by the number (n) of methylene groups in the chain; thus trimethylene bis-trimethylammonium dibromide is referred to as BTM3.2. Bis-triethylammonium dibromides, Br{Et3N(CH2)XNEt3}Br, where n was 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 13. They are referred to as BTEn. The following abbreviations will also be used: TM for tetramethylammonium iodide and TE for tetra-ethylammonium iodide A brief note on some of the results with these bis-onium salts has already appeared (Barlow and Ing, 1948). METHODThe choice of a mnethod for comparing the curarelike activity of numerous compounds is a matter of some difficulty; older methods have been reviewed by Ing (1936). Recently two methods have been devised for assaying tubocurarine solutions: Holaday (quoted by Bennett, 1941) developed the rabbit headdrop method and Chou (1947) used the isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat. We have tried to adapt Chou's method to the comparison of the curare-like activities of our bis-onium salts. Initially the apparatus and procedure were exactly the same as those used by Chou, except that the bath was smaller (50 ml. instead of 100 ml.). The condenser discharge stimuli used by Chou were of about 10o duration and as there was a tendency for the nerve to discharge more than once they were later replaced by square wave stimuli of about 0.1or duration. It was also observed during the course of the work that the diaphragm preparation is very sensitive to small changes of temperature and careful control of the -bath temperature is necessary.Chou allowed his tubocurarine chloride solutions to act for three minutes; we retained this feature of the method because if the drug is allowed to pr...

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Sensitivity of a South American Frog to Curare

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Curare-like Action of Polymethylene bis-Quaternary Ammonium Salts

Curare-like Action of Polymethylene bis-Quaternary Ammonium Salts

Curare‐like Action of Polymethylene Bis‐quaternary Ammonium Salts

Curare‐like Action of Polymethylene Bis‐quaternary Ammonium Salts

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