Sensitivity of Different Scenedesmus Strains to the Endoparasitic Microorganism Amoeboaphelidium

Gromov, B.V.; Mamkaeva, Kira A.

doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-7-1-19.1

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Gromov and Mamkaeva [35] examined the sensitivity of different Scenedesmus strains to Amoeboaphelidium , using four strains of A. protococcarum (X-1, X-3, X-4, X-5). They reported that different strains of Scenedesmus exhibited different sensitivities to different strains of A. protococcarum .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum, an Algal Parasite New to the Cryptomycota Isolated from an Outdoor Algal Pond Used for the Production of Biofuel

Lopez²,

et al. 2013

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Mass culture of algae for the production of biofuels is a developing technology designed to offset the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. However, large scale culture of algae in open ponds can be challenging because of incidences of infestation with algal parasites. Without knowledge of the identity of the specific parasite and how to control these pests, algal-based biofuel production will be limited. We have characterized a eukaryotic parasite of Scenedesmus dimorphus growing in outdoor ponds used for biofuel production. We demonstrated that as the genomic DNA of parasite FD01 increases, the concentration of S. dimorphus cells decreases; consequently, this is a highly destructive pathogen. Techniques for culture of the parasite and host were developed, and the endoparasite was identified as the Aphelidea, Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum. Phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal sequences revealed that parasite FD01 placed within the recently described Cryptomycota, a poorly known phylum based on two species of Rozella and environmental samples. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that aplanospores of the parasite produced filose pseudopodia, which contained fine fibers the diameter of actin microfilaments. Multiple lipid globules clustered and were associated with microbodies, mitochondria and a membrane cisternae, an arrangement characteristic of the microbody-lipid globule complex of chytrid zoospores. After encystment and attachment to the host cells, the parasite injected its protoplast into the host between the host cell wall and plasma membrane. At maturity the unwalled parasite occupied the entire host cell. After cleavage of the protoplast into aplanospores, a vacuole and lipids remained in the host cell. Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum isolate FD01 is characteristic of the original description of this species and is different from strain X-5 recently characterized. Our results help put a face on the Cryptomycota, revealing that the phylum is more diverse than previously understood and include some of the Aphelidea as well as Rozella species and potentially Microsporidia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum, an Algal Parasite New to the Cryptomycota Isolated from an Outdoor Algal Pond Used for the Production of Biofuel

Lopez²,

et al. 2013

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“…No such cisterns or other traces of such tubes were found in Aphelidium (Gromov and Mamkaeva, 1975; Karpov, in preparation) and Amoeboaphelidium (Gromov and Mamkaeva, 1968, 1970b; Letcher et al, 2013). Thus, from the morphological perspective, the two latter genera appear to be at a greater distance from microsporidia than Pseudaphelidium and Rozella.…”

Section: The Comparison Between Aphelids and Rozellidsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The origin of these giant amoebae is not clear, but they might result from the incomplete divisions of the mature plasmodium (Gromov and Mamkaeva, 1968). Most of these giants died after a short period of activity in culture.…”

Section: Life Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Gromov (2000) the hosts for the class Aphelidae belong to the phyla Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, and Bacillariophyta ( Table 1 ). The most common hosts for the aphelids are found among the chlorococcous algae, and these host-parasite relationships are often genus specific (Fott, 1957, Gromov and Mamkaeva, 1966, 1968). A xanthophyte, Tribonema gayanum Pasher, is the most commonly reported host for aphelids (Gromov, 1972; Gromov et al, 2002), and this species is normally used to support the cultures of these parasitoids.…”

Section: Ecology Of Aphelids In Comparison With Rozellamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia

et al. 2014

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The aphelids are a small group of intracellular parasitoids of common species of eukaryotic phytoplankton with three known genera Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, and Pseudaphelidium, and 10 valid species, which form along with related environmental sequences a very diversified group. The phyla Microsporidia and Cryptomycota, and the class Aphelidea have recently been considered to be a deep branch of the Holomycota lineage forming the so called the ARM-clade which is sister to the fungi. In this review we reorganize the taxonomy of ARM-clade, and establish a new superphylum the Opisthosporidia with three phyla: Aphelida phyl. nov., Cryptomycota and Microsporidia. We discuss here all aspects of aphelid investigations: history of our knowledge, life cycle peculiarities, the morphology (including the ultrastructure), molecular phylogeny, ecology, and provide a taxonomic revision of the phylum supplied with a list of species. We compare the aphelids with their nearest relatives, the species of Rozella, and improve the diagnosis of the phylum Cryptomycota.

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“…Information about contaminants in Scenedesmus cultures is rather limited. Microbial contaminants reported in outdoor cultures of Scenedesmus include Spirillum-like bacteria (8); fungi, such as Chytridium (9) and Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum (7,10,11); and an opisthokont intracellular parasitoid, Aphelidium sp. (12,13).…”

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confidence: 99%

Vernalophrys algivore gen. nov., sp. nov. (Rhizaria: Cercozoa: Vampyrellida), a New Algal Predator Isolated from Outdoor Mass Culture of Scenedesmus dimorphus

Gong

Patterson

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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f Microbial contamination is the main cause of loss of biomass yield in microalgal cultures, especially under outdoor environmental conditions. Little is known about the identities of microbial contaminants in outdoor mass algal cultures. In this study, a new genus and species of vampyrellid amoeba, Vernalophrys algivore, is described from cultures of Scenedesmus dimorphus in open raceway ponds and outdoor flat-panel photobioreactors. This vampyrellid amoeba was a significant grazer of Scenedesmus and was frequently associated with a very rapid decline in algal numbers. We report on the morphology, subcellular structure, feeding behavior, molecular phylogeny, and life cycle. The new amoeba resembles Leptophrys in the shape of trophozoites and pseudopodia and in the mechanism of feeding (mainly by engulfment). It possesses two distinctive regions in helix E10_1 (nucleotides 117 to 119, CAA) and E23_1 (nucleotides 522 and 523, AG) of the 18S rRNA gene. It did not form a monophyletic group with Leptophrys in molecular phylogenetic trees. We establish a new genus, Vernalophrys, with the type species Vernalophrys algivore. The occurrence, impact of the amoeba on mass culture of S. dimorphus, and means to reduce vampyrellid amoeba contamination in Scenedesmus cultures are addressed. The information obtained from this study will be useful for developing an early warning system and control measures for preventing or treating this contaminant in microalgal mass cultures. Some green microalgae, species of Scenedesmus, are being explored for biomass production because they grow rapidly and synthesize large amounts of protein, starch, and lipid (1), as well as pigments (2, 3). The biomass can be used in wastewater bioremediation, carbon capture, animal feed, and biofuels (4). The use of Scenedesmus has been hampered by the difficulties in cultivating the alga on a commercial scale, caused in part by microbial contamination and losses due to microbial or zooplankton predators (5, 6).The identification of microbial contaminants is a critical first step in developing an effective early warning system and control measures that prevent or treat contamination (7). Information about contaminants in Scenedesmus cultures is rather limited. Microbial contaminants reported in outdoor cultures of Scenedesmus include Spirillum-like bacteria (8); fungi, such as Chytridium (9) and Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum (7, 10, 11); and an opisthokont intracellular parasitoid, Aphelidium sp. (12, 13). In our environments in Arizona, amoebae, ciliates, and rotifers were the main eukaryotic contaminants in Scenedesmus cultures. In particular, a vampyrellid amoeba was found to have the most damaging impact, with the contamination of cultures by the amoeba often leading to rapid and almost complete loss of Scenedesmus in a few days.Vampyrellids are a group of naked filose amoebae with distinctive morphologies, ultrastructure, and body forms that include amoeboid trophozoites, large plasmodia, and digestive cysts (14,15). Since the initial studies in t...

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Sensitivity of Different Scenedesmus Strains to the Endoparasitic Microorganism Amoeboaphelidium

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Characterization of Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum, an Algal Parasite New to the Cryptomycota Isolated from an Outdoor Algal Pond Used for the Production of Biofuel

Characterization of Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum, an Algal Parasite New to the Cryptomycota Isolated from an Outdoor Algal Pond Used for the Production of Biofuel

Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia

Vernalophrys algivore gen. nov., sp. nov. (Rhizaria: Cercozoa: Vampyrellida), a New Algal Predator Isolated from Outdoor Mass Culture of Scenedesmus dimorphus

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