Sensitivity of the transmissible green turtle fibropapillomatosis agent to chloroform and ultracentrifugation conditions

Lh, Herbst; Moretti, Ritchie H.; Brown, Timothy; Pa, Klein

doi:10.3354/dao025225

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Sea turtles undergo an oceanic stage during the first few years of their lives, while as juveniles they recruit to coastal foraging habitats where they remain for several years. Mature individuals move periodically from neritic bays to nesting beaches and mating areas, Our results support the conclusion that horizontal transmission in neritic bays is the major route by which individuals become infected, which is further supported by the demonstration that infectious CFPHV particles are transmitted along with FP through skin lesions (Herbst et al, 1995(Herbst et al, , 1996.…”

Section: Discussion Host Life History Implications For the Phylogeogrsupporting

confidence: 74%

Global phylogeography and evolution of chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus

Patrício

Herbst

Duarte

et al. 2012

Journal of General Virology

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6Lisbon Oceanarium, 1999-005 Lisbon, Portugal A global phylogeny for chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV), the most likely aetiological agent of fibropapillomatosis (FP) in sea turtles, was inferred, using dated sequences, through Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis and used to estimate the virus evolutionary rate independent of the evolution of the host, and to resolve the phylogenetic positions of new haplotypes from Puerto Rico and the Gulf of Guinea. Four phylogeographical groups were identified: eastern Pacific, western Atlantic/eastern Caribbean, mid-west Pacific and Atlantic. The latter comprises the Gulf of Guinea and Puerto Rico, suggesting recent virus gene flow between these two regions. One virus haplotype from Florida remained elusive, representing either an independent lineage sharing a common ancestor with all other identified virus variants or an Atlantic representative of the lineage giving rise to the eastern Pacific group. The virus evolutionary rate ranged from 1.62¾10 "4 to 2.22¾10 "4 substitutions per site per year, which is much faster than what is expected for a herpesvirus. The mean time for the most recent common ancestor of the modern virus variants was estimated at 192.90-429.71 years ago, which, although more recent than previous estimates, still supports an interpretation that the global FP pandemic is not the result of a recent acquisition of a virulence mutation(s). The phylogeographical pattern obtained seems partially to reflect sea turtle movements, whereas altered environments appear to be implicated in current FP outbreaks and in the modern evolutionary history of CFPHV. INTRODUCTIONChelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV) is the most likely aetiological agent of fibropapillomatosis (FP) (Arthur et al., 2008a;Greenblatt et al., 2005;Lackovich et al., 1999;Quackenbush et al., 1998), a neoplastic disease of sea turtles, characterized by recent outbreaks (Diez et al., 2010;Foley et al., 2005;Work & Balazs, 1999). The tumours can be both external and internal and, although benign, depending on location and size, they may obstruct crucial functions such as swimming, feeding and sight, or may impede organ function (Herbst, 1994;Herbst & Klein, 1995). Severe FP also leads to bacteraemia (Work et al., 2003). The most susceptible life stages appear to be neritic juveniles and subadults, whereas in adults the disease is rare (Ene et al., 2005;Herbst & Klein, 1995;Work et al., 2004). A high prevalence of FP is common in anthropogenically altered environments (Aguirre & Lutz, 2004;Herbst, 1994;Van Houtan et al., 2010), suggesting that factors in these environments promote disease outbreaks, for example, through the enhancement of virus transmissibility and/or the enhancement of disease expression via substances thatThe GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the CFPHV sequences determined in this study are JN580279-JN580296 and JN625251-JN625262.Further details about samples are available with the online version of this paper. Phylogenies of herpesv...

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Section: Discussion Host Life History Implications For the Phylogeogrsupporting

confidence: 74%

Global phylogeography and evolution of chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus

Patrício

Herbst

Duarte

et al. 2012

Journal of General Virology

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“…Transmission studies have demonstrated that the infectious FP agent is less than 0.45 m in size and can be inactivated by organic solvents and high-speed centrifugation, which is consistent with the theory of an enveloped virus as the causative agent (36,37). Using PCR, FPTHV DNA has been found in most examined fibropapillomas but not detected in the vast majority of healthy turtles (45,47,54).…”

supporting

confidence: 51%

Discovery of a Novel Single-Stranded DNA Virus from a Sea Turtle Fibropapilloma by Using Viral Metagenomics

Manire

Borrowman

et al. 2009

J Virol

122

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Viral metagenomics, consisting of viral particle purification and shotgun sequencing, is a powerful technique for discovering viruses associated with diseases with no definitive etiology, viruses that share limited homology with known viruses, or viruses that are not culturable. Here we used viral metagenomics to examine viruses associated with sea turtle fibropapillomatosis (FP), a debilitating neoplastic disease affecting sea turtles worldwide. By means of purifying and shotgun sequencing the viral community directly from the fibropapilloma of a Florida green sea turtle, a novel single-stranded DNA virus, sea turtle tornovirus 1 (STTV1), was discovered. The single-stranded, circular genome of STTV1 was approximately 1,800 nucleotides in length. STTV1 has only weak amino acid level identities (25%) to chicken anemia virus in short regions of its genome; hence, STTV1 may represent the first member of a novel virus family. A total of 35 healthy turtles and 27 turtles with FP were tested for STTV1 using PCR, and only 2 turtles severely afflicted with FP were positive. The affected turtles were systemically infected with STTV1, since STTV1 was found in blood and all major organs. STTV1 exists as a quasispecies, with several genome variants identified in the fibropapilloma of each positive turtle, suggesting rapid evolution of this virus. The STTV1 variants were identical over the majority of their genomes but contained a hypervariable region with extensive divergence. This study demonstrates the potential of viral metagenomics for discovering novel viruses directly from animal tissue, which can enhance our understanding of viral evolution and diversity.

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“…In addition, the spatial distribution and association of specific closely related CFPHV variants found in turtles with FP with particular nearshore localities (such as the Indian River Lagoon) suggests that turtles become infected with CFPHV after they migrate as juveniles to these localities (10). The epizootic transmission cycle is perpetuated in areas with high FP prevalences, as tumors are a known source of transmissible virus (21,24). The high prevalence of CFPHV gH antibodies in the Trident Basin population suggests, however, that there may be alternate virus transmission cycles involving virus replication and shedding from tissues other than cutaneous tumors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A series of green turtles that had been raised from eggs in captivity for use in transmission experiments provided a source of plasma samples with well-controlled exposure to CFPHV and limited exposure to other pathogens (21,24). Samples that were collected from these turtles prior to any experimental exposure to CFPHV (preinoculation samples and controls) were used as our population of "known negatives."…”

Section: Expression Of Recombinant Gh (Ul22) and Gl (Ul1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Baculovirus-Expressed Glycoprotein H in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Developed To Assess Exposure to Chelonid Fibropapillomatosis-Associated Herpesvirus and Its Relationship to the Prevalence of Fibropapillomatosis in Sea Turtles

Herbst

Lemaire

Ene

et al. 2008

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Chelonid fibropapillomatosis-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV) is an alphaherpesvirus believed to cause marine turtle fibropapillomatosis (FP). A serodiagnostic assay was developed for monitoring sea turtle populations for CFPHV exposure. CFPHV glycoprotein H (gH) expressed in recombinant baculovirus was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect virus-specific 7S turtle antibodies. Using captivereared green turtles (Chelonia mydas) with no history of virus exposure as "known negatives" and others with experimentally induced FP as "known positives," the assay had 100% specificity but low sensitivity, as seroconversion was detected in only half of the turtles bearing experimentally induced tumors. Antibodies were detected only in samples collected after cutaneous fibropapillomas appeared, consistent with observations that tumors are significant sites of virion production and antigen expression and the possibility that prolonged/ repeated virus shedding may be required for adequate stimulation of 7S antibody responses to gH. Natural routes of infection, however, may produce higher seroconversion rates. High gH antibody seroprevalences (ϳ80%) were found among wild green turtles in three Florida localities with different FP prevalences, including one site with no history of FP. In addition, all eight loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) tested were seropositive despite FP being uncommon in this species. The possibility that CFPHV infection may be common relative to disease suggests roles for environmental and host factors as modulators of disease expression. Alternatively, the possibility of other antigenically similar herpesviruses present in wild populations cannot be excluded, although antibody cross-reactivity with the lung/eye/trachea disease-associated herpesvirus was ruled out in this study.

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Sensitivity of the transmissible green turtle fibropapillomatosis agent to chloroform and ultracentrifugation conditions

Cited by 31 publications

References 1 publication

Global phylogeography and evolution of chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus

Global phylogeography and evolution of chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus

Discovery of a Novel Single-Stranded DNA Virus from a Sea Turtle Fibropapilloma by Using Viral Metagenomics

Use of Baculovirus-Expressed Glycoprotein H in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Developed To Assess Exposure to Chelonid Fibropapillomatosis-Associated Herpesvirus and Its Relationship to the Prevalence of Fibropapillomatosis in Sea Turtles

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