Sensitivity of urban ozone formation to chlorine emission estimates

Chang, Sunghye; McDonald-Buller, Elena C; Kimura, Yosuke; Yarwood, Greg; Neece, James D.; Russell, Matthew; Tanaka, Paul L.; Allen, David T.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00573-3

Cited by 64 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Maximum enhancement occurred in the mornings in the industrialized areas and was primarily associated with estimated emissions of chlorine from cooling towers. A secondary maximum in the late afternoon was observed in the urban area and was associated with estimated emissions from swimming pools (Chang et al, 2002).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…That may be also the case of some urban contaminated areas, where high levels of chlorine may originate from industrial emissions (Galan et al, 2002). In this sense, regional-scale photochemical modeling and ambient observations in southeastern Texas suggest that chlorine radical chemistry enhances ozone formation (Chang et al, 2002). The ozone enhancement demonstrated strong spatial and temporal variations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction of atomic chlorine with a series of aldehydes

Rodrı́guez

Rodrı́guez²,

Notario

et al. 2005

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The reactions of Cl atoms with a series of unsaturated aldehydes have been investigated for the first time using a relative method. In order to obtain additional information for a qualitative structure versus reactivity discussion, we have also determined the rate coefficients for the reactions of atomic chlorine with their respective saturated aldehydes. These relative measurements were performed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure of air and N 2 , by using ethane, propene and 1-butene as reference compounds. The weighted average relative rate constants obtained, k Cl ±2σ (in units of cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 ) were: trans-2-pentenal (1.31±0.19)×10 −10 ; trans-2-hexenal (1.92±0.22)×10 −10

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction of atomic chlorine with a series of aldehydes

Rodrı́guez

Rodrı́guez²,

Notario

et al. 2005

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…High concentrations of Cl • can lead to increased rates of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) oxidation [8][9][10][11][12][13] and enhanced rates of O3 production in the troposphere [1,3,7,[14][15][16]. Photochemical sources of Cl • include Cl2 and HOCl [17], which are the primary forms of anthropogenic chlorine emissions [7,18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inland Concentrations of Cl2 and ClNO2 in Southeast Texas Suggest Chlorine Chemistry Significantly Contributes to Atmospheric Reactivity

2015

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Measurements of molecular chlorine (Cl2), nitryl chloride (ClNO2), and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) were taken as part of the DISCOVER-AQ Texas 2013 campaign with a High Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) using iodide (I-) as a reagent ion. ClNO2 concentrations exceeding 50 ppt were regularly detected with peak concentrations typically occurring between 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 am. Hourly averaged Cl2 concentrations peaked daily between 3:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m., with a 29-day average of 0.9 ± 0.3 (1σ) ppt. A day-time Cl2 source of up to 35 ppt·h −1 is required to explain these observations, corresponding to a maximum chlorine radical (Cl . Modeling of the Cl2 source suggests that it can enhance daily maximum O3 and RO2• concentrations by 8%-10% and 28%-50%, respectively. Modeling of observed ClNO2 assuming a well-mixed nocturnal boundary layer indicates O3 and RO2• enhancements of up to 2.1% and 38%, respectively, with a maximum impact in the early morning. These enhancements affect the formation of secondary organic aerosol and compliance with air quality standards for ozone and particulate matter.

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“…Point source emissions of molecular chlorine, from chlor-alkali facilities and from facilities that use chlorine as a biocide in cooling water, are estimated to be up to 5-10 tons d -1 (2)(3)(4). This emission rate is similar to the total emission rate of HRVOCs included in the trading program discussed in part 1 of this series of papers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Photochemical Modeling of Emissions Trading of Highly Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds in Houston, Texas. 2. Incorporation of Chlorine Emissions

Wang

Thompson

McDonald-Buller

et al. 2007

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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As part of the State Implementation Plan for attaining the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone, the Texas Commission of Environmental Quality has created a Highly Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds (HRVOC) Emissions Cap and Trade Program for industrial point sources in the Houston/Galveston/Brazoria area. This series of papers examines the potential air quality impacts of this new emission trading program through photochemical modeling of potential trading scenarios; this paper examines the air quality impact of allowing facilities to trade chlorine emission reductions for HRVOC allocations on a reactivity weighted basis. The simulations indicate that trading of anthropogenic chlorine emission reductions for HRVOC allowances at a single facility or between facilities, in general, resulted in improvements in air quality. Decreases in peak 1-h averaged and 8-h averaged ozone concentrations associated with trading chlorine emissions for HRVOC allocations on a Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) basis were up to 0.74 ppb (0.63%) and 0.56 ppb (0.61%), respectively. Air quality metrics based on population exposure decreased by up to 3.3% and 4.1% for 1-h and 8-h averaged concentrations. These changes are small compared to the maximum changes in ozone concentrations due to the VOC emissions from these sources (5-10 ppb for 8-h averages; up to 30 ppb for 1-h averages) and the chlorine emissions from the sources (5-10 ppb for maximum concentrations over wide areas and up to 70 ppb in localized areas). The simulations indicate that the inclusion of chlorine emissions in the trading program is likely to be beneficial to air quality and is unlikely to cause localized increases in ozone concentrations ("hot spots").

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Sensitivity of urban ozone formation to chlorine emission estimates

Cited by 64 publications

References 5 publications

Kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction of atomic chlorine with a series of aldehydes

Kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction of atomic chlorine with a series of aldehydes

Inland Concentrations of Cl2 and ClNO2 in Southeast Texas Suggest Chlorine Chemistry Significantly Contributes to Atmospheric Reactivity

Photochemical Modeling of Emissions Trading of Highly Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds in Houston, Texas. 2. Incorporation of Chlorine Emissions

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