The objectives of the study were to examine occupational exposure to phthalates of hairdressing apprentices from Slovakia (n = 74, 89.2% females; 10.8% males), outcomes related to body composition and pulmonary functions. We used high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to the quantified urinary concentration of phthalates. Pulmonary function test (PFT), anthropometric measurements, and questionnaire were also conducted. We observed a decrease of % of predicted values of forced vital capacity (FVC% of PV) related exposure to mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP; p = 0.054) and sum of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites ( DEHP; p = 0.037), and a decrease of % of predicted values of vital capacity (VC% of PV) related to exposure to MEOHP, DEHP (p = 0.008), and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP; p = 0.014) in females. We detected associations between forced vital capacity (FVC) with weight (p = 0.002) and fat-free mass index (FFMI, p = 0.010). Vital capacity (VC) and VC% of PV increased with weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), the waist-height ratio (WHtR), fat mass index (FMI) and FFMI in females (p ≤ 0.014). Results of multivariate regression between PFT and anthropometric parameters adjusted to phthalates indicated exposure to MnBP and MEHP, changing body structure (BMI and FMI), subsequently affecting values of FEV 1 /FVC. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3321 2 of 15 esters were determined in five salons from the ten monitored in Taiwan by a walkthrough survey. Although concentrations of diester phthalates (dibutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate, and butyl benzyl phthalate) were below the occupational exposure limits, they were higher than what was found in general residential environments [19]. As a result, hairdressers are frequently occupationally exposed to phthalates contained in beauty products [20,21]. Health complications that affected various mucosal surfaces and oral and skin lesions, either independently or concurrently, have been significantly increased in the hairdressing apprentices [12,[22][23][24]. Dysfunction of pulmonary, immune, and other systems [10,[25][26][27] have been among various potential health impacts often ascribed to these exposures. The occupational environment of hairdressers has been found hazardous for the initiation of airway syndromes, varying from bronchial irritation to asthma [28] with a prevalence of 5%-25% [29][30][31]. Although most patients with occupational asthma are mature adults, there is evidence that the inflammation of airways started soon after early exposures in hairdressing apprenticeship [32,33]. Associations with other respiratory diseases and symptoms were also reported [12,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. Concerning outcomes of such exposures, as a possible mechanistic link to airway diseases, the modulatory effects on peroxisome proliferation activated receptors (PPAR) have been suggested [2].The aim of thi...