Sensitizing Questions: A Method to Facilitate Analyzing the Meaning of an Utterance

Gillespie, Alex; Cornish, Flora

doi:10.1007/s12124-014-9265-3

Cited by 44 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Meaning arises from the situated and historical interaction of different perspectives [ 36 – 37 ]. Emergent meanings are only partially shared [ 38 ]; each action or utterance within the social interaction affords multiple, often unexpected, interpretations in the social world [ 39 – 40 ]. Accordingly, our aim is to examine not only the practical efficacy of scaffolding communication, but also its unintended effects.…”

Section: Overview Of Research: Examining the Effects Of Scaffoldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The paradox of helping: Contradictory effects of scaffolding people with aphasia to communicate

Gillespie

Hald

2017

PLoS ONE

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When interacting with people with aphasia, communication partners use a range of subtle strategies to scaffold, or facilitate, expression and comprehension. The present article analyses the unintended effects of these ostensibly helpful acts. Twenty people with aphasia and their main communication partners (n = 40) living in the UK were video recorded engaging in a joint task. Three analyses reveal that: (1) scaffolding is widespread and mostly effective, (2) the conversations are dominated by communication partners, and (3) people with aphasia both request and resist help. We propose that scaffolding is inherently paradoxical because it has contradictory effects. While helping facilitates performing an action, and is thus enabling, it simultaneously implies an inability to perform the action independently, and thus it can simultaneously mark the recipient as disabled. Data are in British English.

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Section: Overview Of Research: Examining the Effects Of Scaffoldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The paradox of helping: Contradictory effects of scaffolding people with aphasia to communicate

Gillespie

Hald

2017

PLoS ONE

Self Cite

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“…The problem for human–computer interaction research in general, and android science in particular, is that humans approach human–computer interaction differently from human–human interaction (as our own research shows). Human–human interaction triggers a huge range of complex phenomena, from identity dynamics to social emotions to basic taken-for-granted assumptions to an incredibly subtle intersubjective orientation to the other ( Gillespie and Cornish, 2014 ). The echoborg method enables us to test conversational agents within face-to-face interaction scenarios, simultaneously pushing AI into a new domain and also to probing the full complexity of the human–human inter- face .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A truly human interface: interacting face-to-face with someone whose words are determined by a computer program

Corti

Gillespie

2015

Front. Psychol.

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We use speech shadowing to create situations wherein people converse in person with a human whose words are determined by a conversational agent computer program. Speech shadowing involves a person (the shadower) repeating vocal stimuli originating from a separate communication source in real-time. Humans shadowing for conversational agent sources (e.g., chat bots) become hybrid agents (“echoborgs”) capable of face-to-face interlocution. We report three studies that investigated people’s experiences interacting with echoborgs and the extent to which echoborgs pass as autonomous humans. First, participants in a Turing Test spoke with a chat bot via either a text interface or an echoborg. Human shadowing did not improve the chat bot’s chance of passing but did increase interrogators’ ratings of how human-like the chat bot seemed. In our second study, participants had to decide whether their interlocutor produced words generated by a chat bot or simply pretended to be one. Compared to those who engaged a text interface, participants who engaged an echoborg were more likely to perceive their interlocutor as pretending to be a chat bot. In our third study, participants were naïve to the fact that their interlocutor produced words generated by a chat bot. Unlike those who engaged a text interface, the vast majority of participants who engaged an echoborg did not sense a robotic interaction. These findings have implications for android science, the Turing Test paradigm, and human–computer interaction. The human body, as the delivery mechanism of communication, fundamentally alters the social psychological dynamics of interactions with machine intelligence.

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“…Hence, the frames of reference of the psychical phenomena under study and of the phenomena used for externalising information from them cannot be completely metatheoretically commensurable. Therefore, to infer psychical phenomena and to explore how individuals construct meanings and how they externalise information from their psychical systems, introquestive methods and hermeneuticinterpretive approaches are required (e.g., in qualitative or ethnographic methods ;Fahrenberg 2002;Gadamer 1975;Gillespie & Cornish 2014;Wundt 1921).…”

Section: Methodological Implications From the Spatial Properties Of Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceiving “personality”: Psychologist’s challenges and basic fundamentals of the Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals

Uher

2014

Integr. psych. behav.

134

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Scientists exploring individuals, as such scientists are individuals themselves and thus not independent from their objects of research, encounter profound challenges; in particular, high risks for anthropo-, ethno-and ego-centric biases and various fallacies in reasoning. The Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals (TPSParadigm) aims to tackle these challenges by exploring and making explicit the philosophical presuppositions that are being made and the metatheories and methodologies that are used in the field. This article introduces basic fundamentals of the TPS-Paradigm including the epistemological principle of complementarity and metatheoretical concepts for exploring individuals as living organisms. Centrally, the TPS-Paradigm considers three metatheoretical properties (spatial location in relation to individuals' bodies, temporal extension, and physicality versus "non-physicality") that can be conceived in different forms for various kinds of phenomena explored in individuals (morphology, physiology, behaviour, the psyche, semiotic representations, artificially modified outer appearances and contexts). These properties, as they determine the phenomena's accessibility in everyday life and research, are used to elaborate philosophy-of-science foundations and to derive general methodological implications for the elementary problem of phenomenon-methodology matching and for scientific quantification of the various kinds of phenomena studied. On the basis of these foundations, the article explores the metatheories and methodologies that are used or needed to empirically study each given kind of phenomenon in individuals in general. Building on these general implications, the article derives special implications for exploring individuals' "personality", which the TPS-Paradigm conceives of as individualspecificity in all of the various kinds of phenomena studied in individuals.

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Sensitizing Questions: A Method to Facilitate Analyzing the Meaning of an Utterance

Abstract: Much social science research entails interpreting the meaning of utterances, that is,

Cited by 44 publications

References 43 publications

The paradox of helping: Contradictory effects of scaffolding people with aphasia to communicate

The paradox of helping: Contradictory effects of scaffolding people with aphasia to communicate

A truly human interface: interacting face-to-face with someone whose words are determined by a computer program

Conceiving “personality”: Psychologist’s challenges and basic fundamentals of the Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals

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