Sensor Control in Anti-Submarine Warfare—A Digital Twin and Random Finite Sets Based Approach

Abstract

Since the submarine has become the major threat to maritime security, there is an urgent need to find a more efficient method of anti-submarine warfare (ASW). The digital twin theory is one of the most outstanding information technologies, and has been quite popular in recent years. The most influential change produced by digital twin is the ability to enable real-time dynamic interactions between the simulation world and the real world. Digital twin can be regarded as a paradigm by means of which selected online measurements are dynamically assimilated into the simulation world, with the running simulation model guiding the real world adaptively in reverse. By combining digital twin theory and random finite sets (RFSs) closely, a new framework of sensor control in ASW is proposed. Two key algorithms are proposed for supporting the digital twin-based framework. First, the RFS-based data-assimilation algorithm is proposed for online assimilating the sequence of real-time measurements with detection uncertainty, data association uncertainty, noise, and clutters. Second, the computation of the reward function by using the results of the proposed data-assimilation algorithm is introduced to find the optimal control action. The results of three groups of experiments successfully verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Getting Real: The Challenge of Building and Validating a Large-Scale Digital Twin of Barcelona’s Traffic with Empirical Data

“…In fact, it matches the early definitions of digital twins [4,106,107] and it is closer to the concept of digital shadow [108]. Overall, simulation is a fundamental component of digital twins as it enables the bidirectional interaction between the physical environment and the virtual model [109,110].…”

Estimating Distributions of Parameters in Nonlinear State Space Models with Replica Exchange Particle Marginal Metropolis–Hastings Method

“…The PMMH method combines the sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method [ 2 , 4 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 ] with the Metropolis–Hastings (MH) algorithm [ 8 , 25 , 31 , 32 ]. The PMMH method was proposed to estimate the marginal posterior distribution of parameters for time-series observations represented as a state space model [ 12 ].…”

“…Extracting latent nonlinear dynamics from observed time-series data is important for understanding the dynamic system against the background of the observed data. A state space model is a probabilistic graphical model for time-series data that assumes the existence of latent variables that cannot be observed directly [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. State space models are used in various fields to forecast observation values [ 7 , 15 , 22 ] and to estimate latent variables [ 11 , 20 , 21 , 26 ].…”

“…To estimate the parameters in the state space models from observations, a method combining the sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method [ 2 , 4 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 ] with the expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm [ 8 , 28 , 29 ] has been proposed [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 14 , 20 ]. This method is based on a maximum likelihood estimation framework, and it estimates parameters by sequentially updating the parameters so that the likelihood increases.…”

Digital Twin‐Enabled Online Battlefield Learning with Random Finite Sets

“…In recent years, the digital twin has become a hot topic, as well as the representative intelligence in all fields from military to people's livelihood [16][17][18][19]. Digital twin emphasizes that the virtual object evolves in real time by receiving data from the physical object, thereby keeping consistent with the physical object throughout its entire simulation cycle [20,21]. In a broad sense, the digital twin is a system composed of physical objects, simulation models, and the real-time dynamic interaction between them.…”