Sensorless Battery Internal Temperature Estimation Using a Kalman Filter With Impedance Measurement

Richardson, Robert; Howey, David A.

doi:10.1109/tste.2015.2420375

Cited by 133 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The internal battery temperature has also been correlated to the real part [14] and imaginary part [30] of the impedance at a predefined frequency. The real-part method has subsequently been combined with surface temperature measurements and a thermal impedance model to estimate the temperature distribution inside cylindrical cells [31], [32]. Zhu et al relate the internal battery temperature to either the magnitude or phase of the impedance in a certain frequency range [33].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Zero Intercept Frequency: An Accurate Method to Determine the Integral Temperature of Li-Ion Batteries

Raijmakers

Danilov

Lammeren

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.

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Abstract-A new impedance-based approach is introduced in which the integral battery temperature is related to other frequencies than the recently developed zero-intercept frequency (ZIF). The advantage of the proposed non-zero-interceptfrequency (NZIF) method is that measurement interferences, resulting from the current flowing through the battery (pack), can be avoided at these frequencies. This gives higher signal-tonoise ratios (SNR) and, consequently, more accurate temperature measurements. A theoretical analysis, using an equivalent circuit model of a Li-ion battery, shows that NZIFs are temperature dependent in a way similar to the ZIF and can therefore also be used as a battery temperature indicator. To validate the proposed method impedance measurements have been performed with individual LiFePO4 batteries and with large LiFePO4 battery packs tested in a full electric vehicle under driving conditions. The measurement results show that the NZIF is clearly dependent on the integral battery temperature and reveals a similar behavior to that of the ZIF method. This makes it possible to optimally adjust the NZIF method to frequencies with the highest SNR.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Zero Intercept Frequency: An Accurate Method to Determine the Integral Temperature of Li-Ion Batteries

Raijmakers

Danilov

Lammeren

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.

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“…Many studies have elucidated that the EIS characteristics of battery are dramatically impacted by the external environment and internal conditions, especially the temperature [16][17][18][19][20]32]. The electrochemical reaction rate, transfer rate and diffusion rate of lithium-ion are slowed down resulting from the temperature decreasing [32], so the lower temperature enlarges the battery impedance.…”

Section: Impedance Phase Shift With Equilibrium Temperature At 10 Hzmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, a simple technique to monitor battery internal temperature based on impedance measurement has been proposed [15][16][17][18][19][20]. Hande [15] provided a technique to estimate the cell internal temperature by measuring the pulse resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schmidt et al [17] introduced a sensorless temperature measurement method for a 2 Ah pouch cell via the real part of impedance spectroscopy at high frequencies with state of charge (SoC) status unknown and they also studied the influence of temperature gradient on the method by experiments. Richardson and Howey [18] proposed a one-dimensional model, which was validated utilizing internal thermocouple measurement, to estimate the temperature distribution for a 2.3 Ah LiFePO 4 cylindrical cell by combined the real and imaginary impedance and battery surface temperature. Further, they extended the estimation using an electrical-thermal model coupled with impedance measurement [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Raijmakers et al [4] also put forward an intercept frequency which was extracted from impedance spectra of a Li(NCA)O 2 and a LiFePO 4 battery and exclusively related to the internal battery temperature based on EIS. As aforementioned, the impedance-based temperature estimation methods eliminate the requirements of too many hardware temperature sensors and knowledge of the cell thermal properties [4,[17][18][19]. Battery SoC and health often visibly change and several effective estimation strategies considering uncertain driving conditions for EVs and HEVs have been presented [21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Battery Internal Temperature Estimation for LiFePO4 Battery Based on Impedance Phase Shift under Operating Conditions

et al. 2017

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An impedance-based temperature estimation method is investigated considering the electrochemical non-equilibrium with short-term relaxation time for facilitating the vehicular application. Generally, sufficient relaxation time is required for battery electrochemical equilibrium before the impedance measurement. A detailed experiment is performed to investigate the regularity of the battery impedance in short-term relaxation time after switch-off current excitation, which indicates that the impedance can be measured and also has systematical decrement with the relaxation time growth. Based on the discussion of impedance variation in electrochemical perspective, as well as the monotonic relationship between impedance phase shift and battery internal temperature in the electrochemical equilibrium state, an exponential equation that accounts for both measured phase shift and relaxation time is established to correct the measuring deviation caused by electrochemical non-equilibrium. Then, a multivariate linear equation coupled with ambient temperature is derived considering the temperature gradients between the active part and battery surface. Equations stated above are all identified with the embedded thermocouple experimentally. In conclusion, the temperature estimation method can be a valuable alternative for temperature monitoring during cell operating, and serve the functionality as an efficient implementation in battery thermal management system for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).

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Towards impedance‐based temperature estimation for Li‐ion battery packs

et al. 2020

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Summary In order to meet the required power and energy demand of battery‐powered applications, battery packs are constructed from a multitude of battery cells. For safety and control purposes, an accurate estimate of the temperature of each battery cell is of vital importance. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the battery temperature can be inferred from the impedance. However, performing EIS measurements simultaneously at the same frequency on each cell in a battery pack introduces crosstalk interference in surrounding cells, which may cause EIS measurements in battery packs to be inaccurate. Also, currents flowing through the pack interfere with impedance measurements on the cell level. In this paper, we propose, analyse, and validate a method for estimating the battery temperature in a battery pack in the presence of these disturbances. First, we extend an existing and effective estimation framework for impedance‐based temperature estimation towards estimating the temperature of each cell in a pack in the presence of crosstalk and (dis)charge currents. Second, the proposed method is analysed and validated on a two‐cell battery pack, which is the first step towards development of this method for a full‐size battery pack. Monte Carlo simulations are used to find suitable measurement settings that yield small estimation errors and it is demonstrated experimentally that, over a range of temperatures, the method yields an accuracy of ±1°C in terms of bias, in the presence of both disturbances.

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Sensorless Battery Internal Temperature Estimation Using a Kalman Filter With Impedance Measurement

Cited by 133 publications

References 23 publications

Non-Zero Intercept Frequency: An Accurate Method to Determine the Integral Temperature of Li-Ion Batteries

Non-Zero Intercept Frequency: An Accurate Method to Determine the Integral Temperature of Li-Ion Batteries

Battery Internal Temperature Estimation for LiFePO4 Battery Based on Impedance Phase Shift under Operating Conditions

Towards impedance‐based temperature estimation for Li‐ion battery packs

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