Sensorless control strategy for light-duty EVs and efficiency loss evaluation of high frequency injection under standardized urban driving cycles

Trancho, Elena; Ibarra, Edorta; Arias, A.; Kortabarria, Iñigo; Prieto, Pablo; Alegría, Iñigo Martínez de; Andreu, Jon; López, Iraide

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.019

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In the last decades, some standardized driving cycles have been proposed to evaluate EVs ensuring realistic results under real operation conditions [39]. Even if the use of the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) is spreading [31], it is the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) which is still most widespread, mainly because it is more easy to apply [4]. Therefore, the NEDC was chosen to carry out the simulations.…”

Section: Nedc and Vehicle Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6(a)): 4 repeated ECE-15 Urban Driving Cycles (UDC) and 1 Extra-Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC). The same backward looking vehicle simulation model as in [4] is used in this work to estimate the required electromagnetic torque. Fig.…”

Section: Nedc and Vehicle Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) have been traditionally considered as appropriate candidates for EVs and, specially, for HEVs applications, due to a number of features such as high power density, high efficiency and reliability [1]- [3]. However, these technologies require high density magnetic materials to produce the rotor flux [4], usually sintered neodymium-ironboron (NdFeB) alloys, and other rare-earth materials, such as dysprosium (Dy), leading to high price risk of depletion and resource monopoly issues [5], [6]. All this makes it necessary to address rare-earth free alternatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Methodology to Determine the Effect of a Novel Modulation in the Reliability of an Automotive DC-Link Capacitor

et al. 2020

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Switched Reluctance Machines (SRM) are considered promising rare-earth free candidates for the next generation electrified vehicles. One of the main drawback of this technology is the need of a large DC-link capacitor to balance the energy transferred back and forth between the DC source and the SRM. There are interesting novel modulations to reduce the current of the DC bus, focused on the capacitor size and cost reduction but leaving aside the thermal analysis and lifetime improvements. Carrying out the required dynamic multi-physics simulations for that purpose becomes highly time consuming and complex, especially when standardized or real driving conditions are needed to be taken into account. This paper proposes a simulation methodology, simple to implement and with a relatively low computational cost, to estimate the lifetime of an automotive DC-link capacitor, with the current load it delivers as the starting point. The presented methodology has also been used to validate a novel SRM modulation technique and to compare it, in terms of reliability, with the conventional torque sharing function.

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Section: Nedc and Vehicle Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nedc and Vehicle Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Methodology to Determine the Effect of a Novel Modulation in the Reliability of an Automotive DC-Link Capacitor

et al. 2020

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“…This model had the capability of simulating standardized driving cycles (more information regarding other EV driving cycles can be obtained in [49]) with a long duration and with real torque and speed conditions, while it kept the simulation step low (in the order of 1 µs) to avoid jitter and to obtain accurate results. Details regarding the vehicular model can be found in a previous work of the authors presented in [50]. The electric machine used was a 65-kW axial flux SM-PMSM (EVO AF-130).…”

Section: Vsizvr-d2 Topology Performance During Realistic Driving Condmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of Common Mode Voltage Issues in Electric Vehicle Drive Systems by Means of an Alternative AC-Decoupling Power Converter Topology

et al. 2019

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Electric vehicles (EV) are gaining popularity due to current environmental concerns. The electric drive, which is constituted by a power converter and an electric machine, is one of the main elements of the EV. Such machines suffer from common mode voltage (CMV) effects. The CMV introduces leakage currents through the bearings, leading to premature failures and reducing the propulsion system life cycles. As future EV power converters will rely on wide bandgap semiconductors with high switching frequency operation, CMV problems will become more prevalent, making the research on CMV mitigation strategies more relevant. A variety of CMV reduction methods can be found in the scientific literature, such as the inclusion of dedicated filters and the implementation of specific modulation techniques. However, alternative power converter topologies can also be introduced for CMV mitigation. The majority of such power converters for CMV mitigation are single-phase topologies intended for photovoltaic applications; thus, solutions in the form of three-phase topologies that could be applied to EVs are very limited. Considering all these, this paper proposes alternative three-phase topologies that could be exploited in EV applications. Their performance is compared with other existing proposals, providing a clear picture of the available alternatives, emphasizing their merits and drawbacks. From this comprehensive study, the benefits of a novel AC-decoupling topology is demonstrated. Moreover, an adequate modulation technique is also investigated in order to exploit the benefits of this topology while considering a trade-off between CMV mitigation, efficiency, and total harmonic distortion (THD). In order to extend the results of the study close to the real application, the performance of the proposed AC-decoupling topology is simulated using a complete and accurate EV model (including vehicle dynamics and a detailed propulsion system model) by means of state-of-the-art digital real-time simulation.Energies 2019, 12, 3349 2 of 27 the commutations of the power converter devices generate significant high-frequency CMV variations (Figure 1a). As a result, these voltage variations can produce not only high electromagnetic interferences (EMI) [6][7][8], but also shaft voltages (Figure 1b) in the electric machine [9][10][11], producing new capacitive paths [10]. These paths result in high-frequency leakage currents (Figure 1c) circulating through the motor bearings [12][13][14]. The most relevant capacitive paths are depicted in Figure 2, where the most significant bearing currents produced by CMV are the capacitive currents, electrostatic discharge currents, circulating currents, and rotor ground currents [9,13]. As bearings are critical components for the electric machine [10], a number of industrial companies are currently analyzing the degradation problems generated by such bearing currents [15][16][17].Regarding this issue, it is important to remark that although the majority of current industrial solutions rely on silicon-bas...

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“…Standardized driving cycles [35][36][37][38] are useful for the analysis of the performance of the vehicle in terms of fuel consumption, pollution, and efficiency. The UDC (Figure 12) consists of a speed-versus-time driving profile, limited to 45 km/h in the present case, which was used extensively in Europe to ensure realistic results in the evaluation of light-duty electric vehicles [39,40]. The UDC simulation was run in the Simulink environment using the efficiency maps to compute the actual power consumption of the torque-speed powertrain.…”

Section: Simulation Of An Urban Driving Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study for the Assessment of the Measurement Uncertainty Associated with Electric Powertrain Efficiency Using the Back-to-Back Direct Method

et al. 2018

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Brushless electric motors are used intensively in the industrial automation sector due to the motors low inertia and fast response. According to the International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 60034-2-1, the efficiency of a three-phase electric machine (excluding machines for traction vehicles) can be determined by direct or indirect techniques. In the case of small traction motors (<10 kW), direct methods are used extensively by manufacturers, even if no standard has been published or scheduled by the IEC. In this paper, we evaluated the accuracy of the (direct) back-to-back method for the estimation of the energy performance of a 3 kW brushless AC electric motor used in a light electric vehicle. We measured the efficiencies of a pair of motors and inverters, as well as the overall efficiency of the entire power train. The results showed that the methodology was sufficiently accurate and comparable with other indirect methods available in existing literature. Moreover, we developed a Simulink model that used the powertrain efficiency map as the input to perform the simulation of a standard urban driving cycle. The simulation was run 500 times to calculate the probability density function associated with the total range of the vehicle, considering the uncertainty of the efficiency that was determined experimentally. The simulation results confirmed the low deviation of the distribution standard compared to the average value of the range of the vehicle.

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Sensorless control strategy for light-duty EVs and efficiency loss evaluation of high frequency injection under standardized urban driving cycles

Cited by 17 publications

References 54 publications

A Methodology to Determine the Effect of a Novel Modulation in the Reliability of an Automotive DC-Link Capacitor

A Methodology to Determine the Effect of a Novel Modulation in the Reliability of an Automotive DC-Link Capacitor

Mitigation of Common Mode Voltage Issues in Electric Vehicle Drive Systems by Means of an Alternative AC-Decoupling Power Converter Topology

Experimental Study for the Assessment of the Measurement Uncertainty Associated with Electric Powertrain Efficiency Using the Back-to-Back Direct Method

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