Sensors for in situ monitoring of oral and dental health parameters in saliva

Abstract

Objectives The oral cavity is an easily accessible unique environment and open system which is influenced by the oral fluids, microbiota, and nutrition. Little is known about the kinetics and dynamics of metabolic processes at the intraoral surfaces. Real-time monitoring of salivary biomarkers, e.g., glucose, lactate, fluoride, calcium, phosphate, and pH with intraoral sensors is therefore of major interest. The aim of this review is to overview the existing literature for intraoral saliva sensors. Materials and methods A comprehensive literature search was performed to review the most relevant studies on intraoral saliva sensor technology. Results There is limited literature about the in situ saliva monitoring of salivary biomarkers. Bioadhesion and biofouling processes at the intraoral surfaces limit the performances of the sensors. Real-time, long-term, and continuous intraoral measurement of salivary metabolites remains challenging and needs further investigation as only few well-functioning sensors have been developed until today. Until now, there is no sensor that measures reliably beyond hours for any analyte other than glucose. Conclusions Saliva’s complex and dynamic structure as well as bioadhesion are key challenges and should be addressed in the future developments. Consequently, more studies that focus particularly on biofouling processes and interferential effects of the salivary matrix components on sensor surfaces are required. Clinical relevance By monitoring fluids in the oral cavity, as the entrance to the digestive system, extensive information can be obtained regarding the effects of foods and preventive agents on the oral microbiota and the tooth surfaces. This may lead to a better understanding of strategies to modulate oral and general health.

Electronic Skin for Health Monitoring Systems: Properties, Functions, and Applications

“…[ 54–56 ] Finally, in order to achieve further commercialization, the development of novel processing technologies is essential. In recent years, many comfortable e‐skin health monitoring devices with excellent sensing and feedback functions have been developed to monitor and analyze signals related to human activities, such as electrophysiology signals, [ 57–60 ] body temperature, [ 61–63 ] breath monitoring, [ 64–66 ] pulse monitoring, [ 67–71 ] motion monitoring, [ 72–74 ] gait monitoring, [ 75–77 ] saliva monitoring, [ 78–80 ] and wound monitoring, [ 81–84 ] as shown in Figure 1. However, achieving commercial, long‐term, real‐time, and accurate e‐skin health monitoring systems will require a long time.…”