Sensory reinnervation of muscle spindles after repair of tibial nerve defects using autogenous vein grafts

Pang, You-Wang; Hong, Qingnan; Jiang, Zheng

doi:10.4103/1673-5374.130103

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…These measurements are consistent with the 42.29 ± 3.04 µm maximal diameter of muscle spindles in the gastrocnemius muscles of adult Lewis rats (Elsohemy et al, 2009). Pang et al (2014) reported a 42.9 ± 5.5 µm diameter of muscle spindles in the medial gastrocnemius muscles of 9-week-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, while Sekiya et al (1986) noted a range of 15-85 µm in Wistar rats 25-35 days after birth.…”

Section: Figure 1 |supporting

confidence: 84%

“…Elsohemy et al (2009) found 23.67 ± 2.52 spindles in adult Lewis rats. Pang et al (2014) measured 26.7 ± 2.5 muscle spindles in 9-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, although they did not distinguish between male and female. These observations additionally suggest that the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle contain similar numbers of muscle spindles.…”

Section: Figure 1 |mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Although several studies have investigated differences in the number and density of muscle spindles in rat skeletal muscles, the majority of this work involved only males (Kim et al, 2007;Elsohemy et al, 2009;Muramatsu et al, 2017) or did not distinguish between genders (Pang et al, 2014). To date, there has been no systematic investigation into potential differences in rat muscle spindle number, density, or morphometric properties across sexes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating Sexual Dimorphism of the Muscle Spindles and Intrafusal Muscle Fibers in the Medial Gastrocnemius of Male and Female Rats

Gartych¹,

Jackowiak

Bukowska³

et al. 2021

Front. Neuroanat.

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This study sought to investigate the sexual dimorphism of muscle spindles in rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. The muscles were cut transversely into 5–10 and 20 μm thick serial sections and the number, density, and morphometric properties of the muscle spindles were determined. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the number of muscle spindles of male (14.45 ± 2.77) and female (15.00 ± 3.13) rats. Muscle mass was 38.89% higher in males (1.08 vs. 0.66 g in females), making the density of these receptors significantly higher (p < 0.01) in females (approximately one spindle per 51.14 mg muscle mass vs. one per 79.91 mg in males). There were no significant differences between the morphometric properties of intrafusal muscle fibers or muscle spindles in male and female rats (p > 0.05): 5.16 ± 2.43 and 5.37 ± 2.27 μm for male and female intrafusal muscle fiber diameter, respectively; 5.57 ± 2.20 and 5.60 ± 2.16 μm for male and female intrafusal muscle fiber number, respectively; 25.85 ± 10.04 and 25.30 ± 9.96 μm for male and female shorter muscle spindle diameter, respectively; and 48.99 ± 20.73 and 43.97 ± 16.96 μm for male and female longer muscle spindle diameter, respectively. These findings suggest that sexual dimorphism in the muscle spindles of rat medial gastrocnemius is limited to density, which contrasts previous findings reporting differences in extrafusal fibers diameter.

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Section: Figure 1 |supporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Figure 1 |mentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating Sexual Dimorphism of the Muscle Spindles and Intrafusal Muscle Fibers in the Medial Gastrocnemius of Male and Female Rats

Gartych¹,

Jackowiak

Bukowska³

et al. 2021

Front. Neuroanat.

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“…5 Schwann cells are essential for peripheral nerve regeneration, and transplanted Schwann cells have been shown to enhance axonal regeneration. 6 Although there have been a few reports 2,[7][8][9] investigating morphological changes and functional recovery of muscle spindles after preservation or repair of afferent innervation, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports that examined reinnervation of muscle spindles using cell transplantation procedures. Thus, we transplanted embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, including Schwann cells and sensory neurons, into a Walleriandegenerating nerve and evaluated muscle spindles, the proprioceptive receptors in the skeletal muscles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the morphological changes of muscle spindles, some authors have reported the influence of peripheral nerve injury, hindlimb unloading and age. 3,8,16,17 After nerve repair, sensory terminals of regenerated muscle spindles are tapered or have irregular forms, but the stretch reflex gradually recovers to normal levels. [18][19][20] Age causes remarkable changes in the structures, not only in the intrafusal muscle but also in sensory nerve endings in muscle spindles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle spindle reinnervation using transplanted embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral nerve transection in rats

et al. 2019

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Objectives Muscle spindles are proprioceptive receptors in the skeletal muscle. Peripheral nerve injury results in a decreased number of muscle spindles and their morphologic deterioration. However, the muscle spindles recover when skeletal muscles are reinnervated with surgical procedures, such as nerve suture or nerve transfer. Morphological changes in muscle spindles by cell transplantation procedure have not been reported so far. Therefore, we hypothesized that transplantation of embryonic sensory neurons may improve sensory neurons in the skeletal muscle and reinnervate the muscle spindles. Materials and methods We collected sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglions of 14‐day‐old rat embryos and prepared a rat model of peripheral nerve injury by performing sciatic nerve transection and allowing for a period of one week before which we performed the cell transplantations. Six months later, the morphological changes of muscle spindles in the cell transplantation group were compared with the naïve control and surgical control groups. Results Our results demonstrated that transplantation of embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells induced regeneration of sensory nerve fibre and reinnervation of muscle spindles in the skeletal muscle. Moreover, calbindin D‐28k immunoreactivity in intrafusal muscle fibres was maintained for six months after denervation in the cell transplantation group, whereas it disappeared in the surgical control group. Conclusions Cell transplantation therapies could serve as selective targets to modulate mechanosensory function in the skeletal muscle.

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Sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle following peripheral nerve injury

et al. 2022

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Sensory afferent fibers are an important component of motor nerves and compose the majority of axons in many nerves traditionally thought of as “pure” motor nerves. These sensory afferent fibers innervate special sensory end organs in muscle, including muscle spindles that respond to changes in muscle length and Golgi tendons that detect muscle tension. Both play a major role in proprioception, sensorimotor extremity control feedback, and force regulation. After peripheral nerve injury, there is histological and electrophysiological evidence that sensory afferents can reinnervate muscle, including muscle that was not the nerve's original target. Reinnervation can occur after different nerve injury and muscle models, including muscle graft, crush, and transection injuries, and occurs in a nonspecific manner, allowing for cross‐innervation to occur. Evidence of cross‐innervation includes the following: muscle spindle and Golgi tendon afferent‐receptor mismatch, vagal sensory fiber reinnervation of muscle, and cutaneous afferent reinnervation of muscle spindle or Golgi tendons. There are several notable clinical applications of sensory reinnervation and cross‐reinnervation of muscle, including restoration of optimal motor control after peripheral nerve repair, flap sensation, sensory protection of denervated muscle, neuroma treatment and prevention, and facilitation of prosthetic sensorimotor control. This review focuses on sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle, and the clinical applications of this phenomena. Understanding the physiology and limitations of sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle may ultimately facilitate improvement of its clinical applications.

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Sensory reinnervation of muscle spindles after repair of tibial nerve defects using autogenous vein grafts

Cited by 8 publications

References 51 publications

Evaluating Sexual Dimorphism of the Muscle Spindles and Intrafusal Muscle Fibers in the Medial Gastrocnemius of Male and Female Rats

Evaluating Sexual Dimorphism of the Muscle Spindles and Intrafusal Muscle Fibers in the Medial Gastrocnemius of Male and Female Rats

Muscle spindle reinnervation using transplanted embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral nerve transection in rats

Sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle following peripheral nerve injury

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