Sentinel seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Gauteng Province, South Africa, August - October 2020

George, Jaya; Khoza, Sizakele Lucia Thembekile; Mayne, Elizabeth; Dlamini, Siphiwe N.; Kone, Ngalula; Jassat, Waasila; Chetty, Kamy; Centner, Chad M.; Pillay, Taryn; Maphayi, Mpho R; Mabuza, Dineo; Maposa, Innocent; Cassim, Naseem

doi:10.7196/samj.2021.v111i11.15669

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, the differential risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 13% greater with each additional year of age among women living with HIV. This finding is consistent with existing evidence that older age is associated with increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality both in Kenya and globally [35][36][37][38][39].…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 92%

HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in postpartum Kenyan women and their infants

et al. 2023

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Background HIV may increase SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity generally, but data are limited about its impact on postpartum women and their infants. As such, we characterized SARS-CoV-2 infection among mother-infant pairs in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods We conducted a nested study of 62 HIV-uninfected and 64 healthy women living with HIV, as well as their HIV-exposed uninfected (N = 61) and HIV-unexposed (N = 64) infants, participating in a prospective cohort. SARS-CoV-2 serology was performed on plasma collected between May 1, 2020-February 1, 2022 to determine the incidence, risk factors, and symptoms of infection. SARS-CoV-2 RNA PCR and sequencing was also performed on available stool samples from seropositive participants. Results SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was found in 66% of the 126 mothers and in 44% of the 125 infants. There was no significant association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and maternal HIV (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 0.810, 95% CI: 0.517–1.27) or infant HIV exposure (HR = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.859–2.53). Maternal SARS-CoV-2 was associated with a two-fold increased risk of infant infection (HR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.08–4.94). Few participants (13% mothers, 33% infants) had symptoms; no participant experienced severe COVID-19 or death. Seroreversion occurred in about half of mothers and infants. SARS-CoV-2 sequences obtained from stool were related to contemporaneously circulating variants. Conclusions These data indicate that postpartum Kenyan women and their infants were at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and that antibody responses waned over an average of 8–10 months. However, most cases were asymptomatic and healthy women living with HIV did not have a substantially increased risk of infection or severe COVID-19.

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Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 92%

HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in postpartum Kenyan women and their infants

et al. 2023

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“…We found that higher seroprevalence was associated with lower SES. Other studies in South Africa found higher seroprevalence to be associated with low SES and areas with high population densities [ 21 , 22 ], and the association has also been described elsewhere [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Seroprevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 After the Second Wave in South Africa in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected and Uninfected Persons: A Cross-Sectional Household Survey

Wolter

Tempia

Gottberg

et al. 2022

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Background Seroprevalence studies are important for quantifying the burden of SARS-CoV-2 infections in resource-constrained countries. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional household survey spanning the second pandemic wave (November 2020 – April 2021) in three communities. Blood was collected for SARS-CoV-2 antibody (two ELISA assays targeting spike and nucleocapsid) and HIV testing. An individual was considered seropositive if testing positive on ≥1 assay. Factors associated with infection, and the age-standardised infection to case detection rate (ICR), infection hospitalisation rate (IHR) and infection fatality rate (IFR) were calculated. Results Overall 7959 participants were enrolled, with a median age of 34 years and HIV prevalence of 22.7%. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 45.2% (95% confidence interval 43.7% - 46.7%), and increased from 26.9% among individuals enrolled in December 2020 to 47.1% among individuals in April 2021. On multivariable analysis, seropositivity was associated with age, sex, race, being overweight/obese, having respiratory symptoms, and low socioeconomic status. Persons living with HIV (PLWHIV) with high viral load were less likely to be seropositive compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. The site-specific ICR, IHR and IFR ranged across sites from 4.4% to 8.2%, 1.2% to 2.5% and 0.3% to 0.6%, respectively. Conclusions South Africa has experienced a large burden of SARS-CoV-2 infections, with <10% of infections diagnosed. Lower seroprevalence among non-virally suppressed PLWHIV, likely as a result of inadequate antibody production, highlights the need to prioritise this group for intervention.

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“… Overall seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Africa [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. …”

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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hajissa

Islam

Hassan

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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A reliable estimate of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies is increasingly important to track the spread of infection and define the true burden of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted with the objective of estimating the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa. A systematic search of the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar electronic databases was conducted. Thirty-five eligible studies were included. Using meta-analysis of proportions, the overall seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was calculated as 16% (95% CI 13.1–18.9%). Based on antibody isotypes, 14.6% (95% CI 12.2–17.1%) and 11.5% (95% CI 8.7–14.2%) were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM, respectively, while 6.6% (95% CI 4.9–8.3%) were tested positive for both IgM and IgG. Healthcare workers (16.3%) had higher seroprevalence than the general population (11.7%), blood donors (7.5%) and pregnant women (5.7%). The finding of this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) may not accurately reflect the true seroprevalence status of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa, hence, further seroprevalence studies across Africa are required to assess and monitor the growing COVID-19 burden.

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Sentinel seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Gauteng Province, South Africa, August - October 2020

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in postpartum Kenyan women and their infants

HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in postpartum Kenyan women and their infants

Seroprevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 After the Second Wave in South Africa in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected and Uninfected Persons: A Cross-Sectional Household Survey

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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