Separating Implicit from Explicit Retrieval Processes in Perceptual Identification

McKoon, Gail; Ratcliff, Roger

doi:10.1006/ccog.1996.0029

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Specifically, they reported that bias effects in the forced-choice paradigm were obtained only in participants who claimed in a posttest questionnaire to have been deliberately guessing items from the prior study phase, whereas priming in the standard paradigm was obtained regardless of whether participants reported using such a guessing strategy (suggesting that performance in the standard task may be impervious to explicit memory strategies even when participants claim to use them). Although there is reason to treat these findings with caution (see McKoon et al, 1996), it is notable that they point to the same conclusion as do the present findings: Explicit memory strategies appear to contribute to performance in the forced-choice paradigm but not to performance in the standard identification paradigm. We elaborate below on the theoretical implications of these findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Thus, the pattern of benefits and costs obtained by Light and Kennison (1996) conformed to the predictions of a bias model, but the putative mechanism was explicit rather than implicit memory. McKoon and Ratcliff (1996) argued against an "explicit memory" interpretation of Light and Kennison's findings, pointing out the fallibility of individuals' introspections about their own performance and the potential artifacts that arise when a subset of data is selected from a counterbalanced design.…”

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confidence: 98%

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Bias Effects in Perceptual Identification: A Neuropsychological Investigation of the Role of Explicit Memory

Keane

Verfaellie

Gabrieli

et al. 2000

Journal of Memory and Language

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Bias Effects in Perceptual Identification: A Neuropsychological Investigation of the Role of Explicit Memory

Keane

Verfaellie

Gabrieli

et al. 2000

Journal of Memory and Language

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“…For example, in the case of visual word priming, the role of various orthographic variables, including frequency, morphological structure, neighborhood density, etc. become central factors to consider (e.g., Bowers, 1996, submitted a, b;Bowers & Michita, 1998;Cristoffanini, Kirsner, & Milech, 1986;Kirsner, Smith, Lockhart, King, Jain, 1984;Monsell, Matthews, & Miller, 1992;Murrell, & Morton, 1974;Napps, 1989;Wheeldon & Monsell, 1992). More importantly, these theories of priming are now are constrained by a large body of research not previously considered relevant, namely, work on visual word identification and reading (and perception in general).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priming is not all bias: Commentary on Ratcliff and McKoon (1997).

Bowers¹

1999

Psychological Review

101

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visual word priming 2 Abstract R. reported a set of findings they claim are inconsistent with all prior accounts of long-term priming, including (1) a pattern of benefits and costs in an identification task suggestive of a bias interpretation of priming, and (2) a restriction on priming such that benefits and costs are only obtained when the alternatives in the forced-choice task are similar. Based on these and related findings, the authors developed a bias theory of visual word priming that is implemented in a mathematical model. However, it is shown that their empirical findings are ambiguous and can be explained more parsimoniously within more traditional frameworks. Furthermore, eight studies are reported that directly contradict their model. On the basis of these and related findings, it is argued that priming is best understood as a by-product of learning within perceptual systems whose main function is to categorize inputs. visual word priming 3 Visual word priming often reflects perceptual learning rather than perceptual bias:Reply to Ratcliff and McKoon (1997) Long-term priming is one of the more widely studied phenomena in cognitive psychology during the past 20 years (see Roediger & McDermott, 1993, for an extensive review that includes over 300 references on the topic since 1980). On the standard view, long-term priming reflects a facilitation in processing a stimulus as a consequence of having encountered the same stimulus in an earlier episode. So for example, participants are more accurate in identifying a quickly flashed word in a perceptual identification task if it was studied a few minutes or hours previously (e.g., Jacoby & Dallas, 1981). The longevity of this priming distinguishes it from various forms of short term priming phenomena --such as semantic or masked priming --that tend to last a few seconds (e.g., Henderson, Wallis, & Knight, 1984;Forster & Davis, 1984; but for exceptions to this general rule, see Becker, Moscovitch, Behrmann, & Joordens, 1997;.In a recent series of articles, Ratcliff and McKoon (R&M) have challenged the common view that priming reflects a facilitation in processing test stimuli, and argued instead that priming is a bias to interpret test items as previously studied materials (McKoon & Ratcliff, 1995, 1996Ratcliff, Allbritton, McKoon, 1997;Ratcliff, McKoon, 1995, 1996, Ratcliff, McKoon, Verwoerd, 1989. That is, rather than simply reflecting a benefit in processing repeated materials, priming is interpreted as a mixture of benefits for repeated and costs for related study/test items, with costs equaling benefits. So for example, in a perceptual identification task these authors developed, a test word such as cable is flashed, immediately followed by two alternative words, e.g., table and cable. Participants are asked to select the alternative that matches the flashed word. In this example, benefits tend to be observed when cable was studied in an earlier episode, and cost when table was studied. Accordingly, the greater accuracy in correctly identifying repeated...

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“…In addition, the bias effects reported by proponents ofthis theory may arise as a direct result ofthe forced-choice testing methods that they employ (e.g., Masson & MacLeod, 1996;Ratcliff & McKoon, 1997). Their tasks feature an explicit choice component that does not exist in conventional repetition priming designs, and therefore, their results may be vulnerable to declarative memory contamination (Light & Kennison, 1996a, 1996bMcKoon & Ratcliff, 1996). Because ofthis, we believe that postperceptual selection theories are not germane to the issues considered in the present report.…”

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confidence: 99%

Manipulation of familiarity reveals a necessary lexical component of the word-stem completion priming effect

Postle

Corkin

1999

Mem Cogn

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These experiments were motivated by the idea that many types of nondeclarative memory are byproducts arising from the plasticity that is inherent in much of the nervous system. We hypothesized that two types of repetition priming, word-stem completion (WSC)priming and perceptual identification (PI) priming, rely on different mechanisms because the WSC task and the PI task engage different cognitive and brain processes. Wetested this hypothesis by manipulating word familiarity. The results, impaired WSC priming but intact PI priming with unfamiliar words, indicate that WSC priming relies primarily on a modification mechanism, whereas PI priming relies primarily on an acquisition mechanism. Our conclusions are consistent with component processes theories of nondeclarative memory.

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Separating Implicit from Explicit Retrieval Processes in Perceptual Identification

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Bias Effects in Perceptual Identification: A Neuropsychological Investigation of the Role of Explicit Memory

Bias Effects in Perceptual Identification: A Neuropsychological Investigation of the Role of Explicit Memory

Priming is not all bias: Commentary on Ratcliff and McKoon (1997).

Manipulation of familiarity reveals a necessary lexical component of the word-stem completion priming effect

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