Separation and determination of small amounts of tin

Newman, E. J.; Jones, Philip

doi:10.1039/an9669100406

Cited by 40 publications

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“…Under this condition, the complexing agent formed a water-soluble, red colour complex with tin(IV) . This is consistent with the observations of other workers [11,12]. The spectrophotometric measurement of the complexing agent alone revealed an absorption maximum at a wavelength of about 450nm.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…This appeared to be due to the oxidation of the tin(II) to tin(IV). Some workers have already established that tin(II) is rapidly and quantitatively oxidised to tin(1V) by atmospheric oxidation in the presence of catechol [11,12]. The main implication of this observation is that the adsorptive voltammetric measurement, based on the formation of tin(IV)-catechol complex, can only be used for the determination of the total tin concentration, unless the tin(ll) can be adequately stabilised to prevent oxidation and, hence, enable speciation by this method.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adsorptive Voltammetric Stripping Analysis of Ultra-Trace Amounts of Tin in Natural Waters and Sediments

Adeloju

1991

Anal. Sci.

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-A voltammetric method based on the adsorption of tin(IV)-catechol complex on a hanging mercury drop electrode is described for the determination of ultra-trace amounts of tin in environmental samples. The interfacial accumulation of the analyte and the use of differential pulse voltammetry during the reduction step provide substantial gains in the sensitivity and permit selective determination of tin in the presence of other elements. Optimal conditions for this method are pH 4.2,1 x 10~M catechol, and accumulation with stirring at 0.0V versus Ag/AgCI. The detection limit based on the use of the tin peak which occurred at -0.3V versus Ag/AgCI was 5ng/L for an accumulation period of 180s and the relative standard deviation at 50ng/L was 2.2%. The successful application of the method to tin determination in water and sediment samples is reported. Keywords -tin, catechol, adsorptive voltammetry, natural waters, sedimentsTin is one of the few elements that are known to be essential at trace levels to man, animals, and plants for a range of metabolic processes [1,2]. However concern about its toxicity has been growing in recent times owing to its widespread use in various organic forms for wood preservation, in food packaging, as stabiliser for poly(vinyl chloride), as fungicides or pesticides, as catalysts, in veterinary formulations, and as antifouling agents [3,4]. As viable antifouling agents, the organotin compounds function by releasing poisonous chemicals to the marine organisms at a slow but steady rate, thereby preventing their attachment to the ship's hull. The released organotin compounds may be ultimately degraded by the progressive removal of the organic groups as follows [4] :R4Sn ---. R3SnX -r--. R2SnX2 --. RSnX3 -.SnX4 where X = C1-,1-, Br-, etc.Although the amount of the organotin released to the marine environment by the use of antifouling coatings may seem insignificant, their growing use may result in more serious environmental and toxicological problems. Consequently, this has led to the development of numerous analytical methods for the determination of tin in various environmental materials. Among these are various electroanalytical techniques such as do polarography, ac polarography, differential pulse polarography, and variants of anodic stripping voltammetry. Of these, the anodic stripping voltammetric techniques are suited for the determination of trace amounts of tin because of the added preconcentration of the analyze on the working electrode.A major difficulty in the determination of tin by anodic stripping voltammetry and polarography is caused by the interference of lead, which often results in an overlap of the tin response [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The perfect superimposition of the lead response on that of tin in most electrolytes is generally known to result in serious positive errors. Several schemes have therefore been proposed for overcoming the lead interference in the anodic stripping voltammetric or polarographic determination of tin. Most of these schemes are somewhat c...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorptive Voltammetric Stripping Analysis of Ultra-Trace Amounts of Tin in Natural Waters and Sediments

Adeloju

1991

Anal. Sci.

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“…In the special case where metals of a known type and composition are analyzed without separation of tin, correction for the effect of other metals is most conveniently done by calculating per cent tin and deducting the per cent tin equivalent of the interfering elements present. 6 Includes data obtained on Sn in the presence of non-interfering amounts of metals and acids.…”

Section: Biological Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, sensitivity was decreased by a factor of two, while sample size was decreased by a factor of four. Reproducibility also suffered somewhat; however, the per cent deviation for any number of readings never exceeded 10% and was typically 6 to 8%. This represents a substantial improvement in the volume of sample normally required for flame spectrometric techniques.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rapid and selective pyrocatechol violet method for tin

Corbin¹

1973

Anal. Chem.

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“…TIN Tin was determined in ferrotungsten alloys by titration with potassium iodate after its sulfide precipitation separation (66). Catechol violet was used for the spectrophotometric determination of tin after solvent extraction of tin iodide into toluene (408) or benzene (530). Other spectrophotometric methods were based on the color formation of tin with stilbazo (469) and 8-quinolinol phenylfluorone (434).…”

Section: Matrix and Interelement Effects Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferrous metallurgy

Pásztor¹,

Hines²

1967

Anal. Chem.

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HIS REPORT reviews the advances in T ferrous metallurgical analysis from October 1964 to December 1966. As in the past (58), it draws extensively from abstracts and is not intended to be a complete compilation of the papers published in the field.The increased use of fast steelmaking, processes, vacuum deoxidation, and continuous casting techniques has greatly influenced the need for rapid and automated ferrous nietallurgical analytical methods (14). In addition, stringent requirements on steel composition by steel users have forced the analytical chemist to search not only for rapid, but also for more accurate analytical methods. The majority of methods found in the literature still involve modifications of well established techniques and procedures rather than the introduction of new approaches.Greatest progress was made in the application of atomic absorption spectrometry (502) and neutron activation techniques (335, 557) to the routine analysis of iron, iron ores, slags, and steels, and in the automation and computerization (166) of chemical and instrumental methods.Present steel sampling and sample preparation techniques are generally too sloiv and inadequate for control of the new steelmaking processes and thus present the most apparent restriction to the rapid analytical methods. The realization of this problem was indicated by the relatively large number of papers published on sampling (95,428, 429,480, 605, 51 1 , 520) and on attempts for the direct analysis of molten steel (32,Emission and x-ray spectrometric, atomic absorption spectrophotometric, and other instrumental techniques with various degrees of automation became the most important means for better process and quality control. Chemical routine methods, even the automated ones, decreased in importance except in the field of nonmetallic inclusion isolation where there is a new renaissance in the use of chemical approaches (10,293,381).Schemes were given for the analyses of cast iron (484) and slags (288,417).Differential spectrophotometry (522) , electrochemical methods (380), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (502), gases in metals analysis (42, 214,242,265,364), and standard deviation of methods (132) in connection with steel analysis were reviewed. 158-161, 344, 366, 567). ALUMINUM Volumetric aluminum procedures involved variations of EDTA (156, 257, 331), bromatometric (440), and potentiometric (134) titrations. Xodifications of the 8-hydroxyquinoline (81 , I l Z ) , aluminon (120, 448, 487), eriochrome cyanin R (220, 22$), solochrome cyanine (411)) chrome azurol S (69, 77, 4 Z l ) , and alizarin red S calcium (106) spectrophotometric and of the 8-hydroxyquinoline spectrofluorometric (20300) methods were described. Most pro-cedures involved preliminary separations by mercury cathode (109, 200, +$do), solvent extraction (69, 212, 120, 200,309,411,448), precipitation (goo, 25'7), or ion exchange (509). 135,Aluminum was polarographically determined in stainless steel (4437, ferrotitanium (199)) and ferro-niobium (198). Neutron activation an...

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Separation and determination of small amounts of tin

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Adsorptive Voltammetric Stripping Analysis of Ultra-Trace Amounts of Tin in Natural Waters and Sediments

Adsorptive Voltammetric Stripping Analysis of Ultra-Trace Amounts of Tin in Natural Waters and Sediments

Rapid and selective pyrocatechol violet method for tin

Ferrous metallurgy

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