Separation and Identification of Odd Chain Triacylglycerols of the Protozoan <i>Khawkinea quartana</i> and the Mold <i>Mortierella alpina</i> Using LC–MS

Řezanka, Tomáš; Vítová, Milada; Nováková, Alena; Sigler, Karel

doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4042-8

“…Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in lipids containing OC-FA and their role as markers for metabolic disorders in humans43. OC-FA lipids, including C15:0-based lipids, have been reported in humans, animals, microorganisms and plants44–46. Nevertheless, understanding of their biological function is still elusive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In plaque-mass spectrometry imaging of a bloom-forming alga during viral infection reveals a metabolic shift towards odd-chain fatty acid lipids

Schleyer

¹

,

Shahaf

²

,

Ziv

³

et al. 2019

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Tapping into the metabolic cross-talk between a host and its virus can reveal unique strategies employed during infection. Viral infection is a dynamic process that generates an evolving metabolic landscape. Gaining a continuous view into the infection process is highly challenging and is limited by current metabolomics approaches, which typically measure the average of the entire population at various stages of infection. Here, we took an innovative approach to study the metabolic basis of host-virus interactions between the bloom-forming alga Emiliania huxleyi and its specific virus. We combined a classical method in virology, the plaque assay, with advanced mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), an approach we termed ‘in plaque-MSI’. Taking advantage of the spatial characteristics of the plaque, we mapped the metabolic landscape induced during infection in a high spatiotemporal resolution, unfolding the infection process in a continuous manner. Further unsupervised spatially-aware clustering, combined with known lipid biomarkers, revealed a systematic metabolic shift during infection towards lipids containing the odd-chain fatty acid pentadecanoic acid (C15:0). Applying ‘in plaque-MSI’ might facilitate the discovery of bioactive compounds that mediate the chemical arms race of host-virus interactions in diverse model systems.

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“…Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in lipids containing OC-FA and their role as markers for metabolic disorders [57][58][59][60] . OC-FA lipids, including C15:0-based lipids, have been reported in humans, animals, microorganisms and plants [61][62][63][64][65][66] . Nevertheless, understanding of their biological function is still elusive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘In plaque-mass spectrometry imaging’ reveals a major metabolic shift towards odd-chain fatty acid lipids induced by host-virus interactions

Schleyer

¹

,

Shahaf

²

,

Ziv

³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Tapping into the metabolic cross-talk between a host and its virus can reveal unique strategies employed during infection. Viral infection is a dynamic process that generates an evolving metabolic landscape. Gaining a continuous view into the infection process is highly challenging and is limited by current metabolomics approaches, which typically measure the average of the entire population at various stages of infection. Here, we took a novel approach to study the metabolic basis of host-virus interactions between the bloom-forming alga Emiliania huxleyi and its specific virus. We combined a classical method in virology, plaque assay, with advanced mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), an approach we termed 'in plaque-MSI'. Taking advantage of the spatial characteristics of the plaque, we mapped the metabolic landscape induced during infection in a high spatiotemporal resolution, unfolding the infection process in a continuous manner. Further unsupervised spatially-aware clustering, combined with known lipid biomarkers, revealed a systematic metabolic shift towards lipids containing the odd-chain fatty acid pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) induced during infection. Applying 'in plaque-MSI' might pave the way for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds that mediate the chemical arms race of host-virus interactions in diverse model systems. Targeted MSI analysis of known lipid biomarkers across a viral plaqueWe focused on known lipid biomarkers for viral infection, which were shown to be remodelled during infection in previous liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) based lipidomics experiments that were performed in liquid cultures 8,37,38 . These lipid biomarkers are usually classified based on their chemical category, such as: glycerolipids (GLs), glycerophospholipids (GPs) and sphingolipids (SLs). Since the viral genome also encodes the biosynthetic pathway for SLs 32,33 , the lipids can also be classified based on their biosynthetic origin (i.e. produced by alga-or virusencoded enzymes). Additionally, these lipid biomarkers can be classified based on their relative abundance during infection (i.e. induction or reduction). Therefore, we grouped the lipids into three biological categories: virus-derived (encoded by the virus and induced during infection), host-induced and host-reduced (encoded by the host and induced or reduced during infection). vGSLs are the only virus-derived lipids known to date, with the majority of enzymes in their biosynthetic pathway encoded by the genome of the virus. vGSLs were found to be central components of the EhV membranes and to trigger host PCD during the lytic phase in a dose dependent manner [33][34][35] . Remodelled host lipids, on the other hand, include diverse classes: GLs such as BLL 36:6, TAG 48:1 and DGCC 40:7, and GPs such as PDPT 40:7 and PC 32:1, were all found to be induced during infection (i.e. 'host-induced'), while others, such as BLL 38:6, were found to be reduced (i.e. 'host-reduced') 8,37,38 . MS images of these lipid biomarkers across a plaque ( Figure 2) allowed us to ...

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“…TAGs with FA moieties of various types were first fractionated by the RP-HPLC stand-alone method, or combined with silver ion chromatography. Using this multidimensional approach, the research team was able to identify both regio-and stereoisomeric TAGs in diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (family Phaeodactylaceae) [72], in different Stichococcus strains (family Prasiolaceae) [73], in yeasts of seven genera [74], in nine cultivated strains of microalgae from different taxonomic groups [156], in protozoan and mold [157] and in the haptophyte alga Coccolithophora sp. [158], as well as TAGs with very long chain fatty acids [159], with branched fatty acids (iso and/or anteiso) [79], with cyclofatty acids [160] or with allenic and acetylenic fatty acids [161].…”

Section: Stereospecific Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Regio- and Stereospecific Analysis of Triacylglycerols—A Brief Overview of the Challenges and the Achievements

Momchilova

¹

,

Nikolova‐Damyanova

²

2022

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The efforts to reveal, in detail, the molecular and intramolecular structures of one of the main lipid classes, namely, triacyl-sn-glycerols, which are now known to affect their specific and important role in all living organisms, are briefly overviewed. Some milestones of significance in the gradual but continuous development and improvement of the analytical methodology to identify the triacylglycerol regio- and stereoisomers in complex lipid samples are traced throughout the years: the use of chromatography based on different separation principles; the improvements in the chromatographic technique; the development and use of different detection techniques; the attempts to simplify and automatize the analysis without losing the accuracy of identification. The spectacular recent achievements of two- and multidimensional methods used as tools in lipidomics are presented.

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Separation and Identification of Odd Chain Triacylglycerols of the Protozoan Khawkinea quartana and the Mold Mortierella alpina Using LC–MS

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

In plaque-mass spectrometry imaging of a bloom-forming alga during viral infection reveals a metabolic shift towards odd-chain fatty acid lipids

In plaque-mass spectrometry imaging of a bloom-forming alga during viral infection reveals a metabolic shift towards odd-chain fatty acid lipids

‘In plaque-mass spectrometry imaging’ reveals a major metabolic shift towards odd-chain fatty acid lipids induced by host-virus interactions

Regio- and Stereospecific Analysis of Triacylglycerols—A Brief Overview of the Challenges and the Achievements

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