Separation and purification of scandium: From industry to medicine

The production of novel radionuclides is the first step towards the development of new effective radiopharmaceuticals, and the quality thereof directly affects the preclinical and clinical phases. In this review, novel radiometal production for medical applications is briefly elucidated. The production status of the imaging nuclide 44Sc and the therapeutic β--emitter nuclide 161Tb are compared to their more established counterparts, 68Ga and 177Lu according to their targetry, irradiation process, radiochemistry, and quality control aspects. The detailed discussion of these significant issues will help towards the future introduction of these promising radionuclides into drug manufacture for clinical application under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).

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“…+ and insoluble Sc(OH) 3 [139,140]. Taking this into consideration, optimal pH for Sc labeling should be lower than 4.5.…”

Section: Scmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Step-by-Step Guide for the Novel Radiometal Production for Medical Applications: Case Studies with 68Ga, 44Sc, 177Lu and 161Tb

et al. 2020

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“…Scandium has a relatively high abundance in Earth's crust, comparable to cobalt (Co), but the presence of Sc-containing minerals is rare, with thortveitite being the main source [12,17]. Because of this scarcity, uses for Sc were not developed until recently [23,24] and there is still no known role for it in the biosphere.…”

Section: Scandium (Sc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scandium is non-essential to human health and has been shown to be moderately toxic in a few toxicology studies [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. It was found to be one of the more toxic rare-earth elements in mice [26].…”

Section: Scandium (Sc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The First-Row Transition Metals in the Periodic Table of Medicine

Cleave

Crans

2019

Inorganics

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In this manuscript, we describe medical applications of each first-row transition metal including nutritional, pharmaceutical, and diagnostic applications. The 10 first-row transition metals in particular are found to have many applications since there five essential elements among them. We summarize the aqueous chemistry of each element to illustrate that these fundamental properties are linked to medical applications and will dictate some of nature’s solutions to the needs of cells. The five essential trace elements—iron, copper, zinc, manganese, and cobalt—represent four redox active elements and one redox inactive element. Since electron transfer is a critical process that must happen for life, it is therefore not surprising that four of the essential trace elements are involved in such processes, whereas the one non-redox active element is found to have important roles as a secondary messenger.. Perhaps surprising is the fact that scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, and nickel have many applications, covering the entire range of benefits including controlling pathogen growth, pharmaceutical and diagnostic applications, including benefits such as nutritional additives and hardware production of key medical devices. Some patterns emerge in the summary of biological function andmedical roles that can be attributed to small differences in the first-row transition metals.

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“…Similar phosphate compounds are available as supported reagents (UTEVA resin) and have been successfully used for the separation of 44 Sc from cyclotron irradiated Ca targets [80]. However, currently no LLE extraction methods have been reported for the extraction of 44 Sc, even though very efficient separations are obtained between Sc and Ca in non-radioactive industry, also using phosphate-based ligands [81].…”

Section: Use Of Lle For Radioisotopes Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on the Use of Liquid Extraction for Radioisotope Purification

et al. 2019

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The reliable and efficient production of radioisotopes for diagnosis and therapy is becoming an increasingly important capability, due to their demonstrated utility in Nuclear Medicine applications. Starting from the first processes involving the separation of 99mTc from irradiated materials, several methods and concepts have been developed to selectively extract the radioisotopes of interest. Even though the initial methods were based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) approaches, the perceived difficulty in automating such processes has slowly moved the focus towards resin separation methods, whose basic chemical principles are often similar to the LLE ones in terms of chelators and phases. However, the emerging field of flow chemistry allows LLE to be easily automated and operated in a continuous manner, resulting in an even improved efficiency and reliability. In this contribution, we will outline the fundamentals of LLE processes and their translation into flow-based apparatuses; in addition, we will provide examples of radioisotope separations that have been achieved using LLE methods. This article is intended to offer insights about the future potential of LLE to purify medically relevant radioisotopes.

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Separation and purification of scandium: From industry to medicine

Cited by 33 publications

References 96 publications

A Step-by-Step Guide for the Novel Radiometal Production for Medical Applications: Case Studies with 68Ga, 44Sc, 177Lu and 161Tb

A Step-by-Step Guide for the Novel Radiometal Production for Medical Applications: Case Studies with 68Ga, 44Sc, 177Lu and 161Tb

The First-Row Transition Metals in the Periodic Table of Medicine

Perspectives on the Use of Liquid Extraction for Radioisotope Purification

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