Separation and quantification of diazinon in water samples using liquid‐phase microextraction‐based effervescent tablet‐assisted switchable solvent method coupled to gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection

Abstract

This study used a liquid‐phase microextraction‐based effervescent tablet‐assisted switchable solvent method coupled to gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection as an eco‐efficient, convenient‐to‐use, cost‐effective, sensitive, rapid, and efficient method for extracting, preconcentrating, and quantifying trace amounts of diazinon in river water samples. As a switchable solvent, triethylamine (TEA) was used. In situ generation of CO2 using effervescent tablet containing Na2CO3 and citric acid changed the hydrophobic TEA to the hydrophilic protonated triethylamine carbonate (P‐TEA‐C). CO2 removal from the specimen solution using NaOH caused P‐TEA‐C to be converted into TEA and led to phase separation, during which diazinon was extracted into the TEA phase. The salting‐out process was helpful in enhancing extraction efficiency. In addition, a number of significant parameters that affect extraction recovery were examined. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.06 and 0.2 ng/ml, respectively. The extraction recovery percentage and pre‐concentration factor were obtained at 95 and 190%, respectively, and the precision (inter‐ and intra‐day, relative standard deviation %, n = 5) was <5%.

Evaluating Silymarin Extract as a Potent Antioxidant Supplement in Diazinon-Exposed Rainbow Trout: Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Parameter Analysis

“…However, its use has led to contamination of surface waters in many parts of the world, including the United States [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Studies have found traces of diazinon in streams, rivers, and lakes due to runoff from agricultural and residential areas [ 4 , 5 ].…”

“…The highest levels of diazinon were observed immediately after insecticide spraying, but no traces were detected after a few months. Despite this, diazinon is a persistent pesticide in aquatic environments due to continuous inputs over time [ 4 , 5 ].…”

“…The highest levels of diazinon were observed immediately after insecticide spraying, but no traces were detected after a few months. Despite this, diazinon is a persistent pesticide in aquatic environments due to continuous inputs over time [4,5]. Prolonged exposure to low concentrations of diazinon can have negative effects on fish, such as reduced growth and reproductive issues.…”