Separation of azadirachtin and other limonoids from crude neem oil via solvent precipitation

Solubility of azadirachtin and several triterpenoid compounds extracted from neem seed kernel in supercritical CO2

“…containing 5 m particles. The detail procedure for analysis of azadirachtin can be found elsewhere [5]. For reproducibility test, all experiments were replicated three times and the results were given as average ± SD.…”

“…Many valuable bioactive substances from limonoids class of triterpenoids are found in neem oil such as azadirachtin (azadirachtin A), salannin, salannol, nimbin, nimbinin, nimbidin, nimbidiol, 3-tigloylazadirachtol (azadirachtin B), and 1-tigloyl-3-acetyl-11-hydroxymeliacarpin (azadirachtin D) [2,4,5]. All these substances are known to pose strong biological properties against insects, larvae, fungi, etc.…”

“…Neem seed kernel from Indonesia, especially from Bali, contains significant amount of oil (around 40 wt%) and up to 6200 ppm of azadirachtin. Depending on the extraction method, the concentration of azadirachtin in crude neem oil may vary from 100 ppm to more than 4000 ppm [3,[5][6][7]. In this regard, the most widely used method for extraction of neem oil from its seed kernel is mechanical pressing.…”

Natural Pesticides and Future Perspectives

“…Still there are studies regarding the recovery of azadirachtin from defatted neem kernels in order to optimize the extraction processes. The hexane induced precipitation is a potential preconcentration step in the separation of azadirachtin and other limonoids from neem oils where azadirachtin purities in the powders is 14.85% and 7.34%, respectively, which represented more than 180-fold enrichment from initial content in neem oils of 0.1% (Melwita & Ju, 2010). Sunlight photodegradation is the main factor influencing the rate of it decomposition after tomato greenhouse treatment.…”

The liquid–liquid phase separation and crystallization of vanillin in 1-propanol/water solution

“…In particular, cooling and solventing-out crystallization have attracted considerable attention for the separation and purification of products due to the low cost and high energy efficiency [3]. However, organic droplets appeared prior to crystallization [4e7], which is frequently termed as liquideliquid phase separation or oiling out [8e12].…”