Isolated porcine thyroid cells, cultured in the presence of thyrotropin ( 2 0.25 mU/ml) or prostaglandin EZ ( 2 0.1 pM), showed decreased adenosine 3': 5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) response to further thyrotropin or prostaglandin EZ stimulation, respectively.Kinetics of the refractory process to thyrotropin and prostaglandin EZ are different : ( a) maximal refractoriness to prostaglandin EZ was attained after 2 -6 h exposure to prostaglandin EZ while refractoriness to thyrotropin was maximal only after 12-24 h ; (b) the degree of refractoriness to prostaglandin Ez was much greater than that to thyrotropin.Refractoriness to thyrotropin or prostaglandin EZ is characterized : by specificity for each thyroid stimulator; by dependence upon the dose of thyrotropin or prostaglandin E2 in culture, e.g. induction of high degree of refractoriness with 0.5 mU/ml thyrotropin (or 1 pM prostaglandin Ez), which elicits only a small cyclic AMP increase; by time requirement for induction; by partial effect; by changes of maximum activation of cyclic AMP response; by reversibility.This refractoriness of the cyclic AMP response was not induced by dibutyryl adenosine 3': 5'-monophosphate. It was not attributed to increased cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase activity, but to alterations in the receptor-adenylate cyclase system. Prevention of refractoriness to thyrotropin or prostaglandin EZ by incubation of cells in the presence of actinomycin D, puromycin and cycloheximide suggests that new RNA and protein syntheses are required for the development of the refractory state.