Separation of gluconate with conventional and bipolar electrodialysis

Formic acid regeneration by electromembrane processes

“…BMED was studied to regenerate concentrated organic and inorganic acids such as acetic acid [3], gluconic acid [4], citric acid [5], lactic acid [6] or phosphoric acid [7]. Only few papers were published concerning electrodialysis of formic acid.…”

Application of electrodialysis to extract 5′-ribonucleotides from hydrolysate: efficient decolorization and membrane fouling

“…7,8 Furthermore, ED has been employed to purify target products with alternating cation-exchange and anion-exchange membranes in a direct current eld, such as formic acid, 9 lactic acid, gluconic acid and citric acid. [10][11][12][13][14] Additionally, ED also has the potential to separate 5 0 -ribonucleotides from neutral impurities via the permselectivity of ion-exchange membranes, where macromolecular impurities such as proteins, most pigments and oligonucleotide will remain in the hydrolysate due to the small membrane pore size (<1 nm). However, the removal of pigments from 5 0 -ribonucleotide hydrolysate via ED and its concentration with an improvement in purity has not been reported.…”

Ion-exchange membranes in chemical synthesis – a review

“…However, BMED is the most widely used membrane technique for this purpose, and some pilot and commercial industrial plants are currently under operation worldwide, mostly to recover acids from fermentation broths [18,159]. BMED was also demonstrated to be effective in recovery of lactic acid [160][161][162][163][164][165][166], citric acid [167][168][169][170][171][172]191], fumaric acid [173] from fermentation broth, but also in salts conversion in the following acids: formic acid [174,175], acetic acid [176,177], gluconic acid [172,192], p-toluenesulfonic acid [178], salicylic acid [179], ascorbic acid [180,181], lactobionic acid [182], aminoacids [183] and morpholine [184]. The above processes encounter typical obstacles characteristic of BMED: proton and hydroxyl leakage through monopolar IEMs, and ion leakage through BPM.…”

“…Apart from the membrane technique used, the stack configuration is often crucial for ion transport and for overall process performance: and many different configurations can be applied for production of the compound with different results [170,[190][191][192], as it can minimize the possibility of leakage and contamination [191,193].…”