Separation of nickel from cobalt and manganese in lithium ion batteries using deep eutectic solvents

Thompson, Dana L.; Pateli, Ioanna M.; Lei, Chunhong; Jarvis, Abbey; Abbott, Andrew P.; Hartley, Jennifer M.

doi:10.1039/d2gc00606e

Cited by 62 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The existence of [CoCl 4 ] 2– proved the formation of Cl 3 – , which was proposed to play a pivotal role in the oxidative dissolution of LIB metal oxides . In previous studies using the conventional heating method, ChCl–OA could leach 85% of Co under the optimum conditions. ,, However, leaching Co using the microwave heating method made a difference. Therefore, it was necessary to determine whether the reason for the low Co extraction efficiency at different temperatures was the insufficient reducing capacity of the DES or the insoluble oxalate precipitates generated by reduced Co 2+ …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If needed, ChCl would be transformed into a vacuum oven overnight before preparing the DESs. A transparent and uniform DES system could be obtained by mixing ChCl and OA with a 1:1 molar ratio at 80 °C in a magnetic stirring water bath until a colorless homogeneous liquid formed. , Deionized water with different molar ratios was added as well. The molar ratio of added water to ChCl ranged from 0 to 8.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So, Li + is separated from LCO, and H−CoO 2 is generated. 27 Thompson et al 36 recovered NCMs with a ChCl−OA system. Mn and Co could be completely leached within 5 h at 80 °C, while only 20% of Li was leached.…”

Section: The Effect Of Different Leaching Temperatures On the Selecti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Efficient and Precipitant-Free Approach to Selectively Recover Lithium Cobalt Oxide Made for Cathode Materials Using a Microwave-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Energy Fuels

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The recovery of cathode materials using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) still requires a long leaching time and relatively high temperatures. The poor selectivity of the leaching process leads to the low purity of the precipitate. Herein, a microwave-assisted choline chlorine–oxalate–water system was designed to selectively leach Li and recover high-purity cobalt oxalate simultaneously, which could greatly shorten the extraction time and decrease the leaching temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy methods were used to explore the mechanism of microwave-assisted DES leaching of valuable metals from lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). It was found that 99.05% of Li could be selectively leached and 99.21% of Co could be precipitated as cobalt oxalate at 100 °C in 10 min simultaneously. The purity of cobalt oxalate precipitated was 95.36% without any purification procedures. A new polymer compound Co2+[(Ch+) x (Cl–) y (HC2O4 –) z ] was formed during the microwave-assisted leaching process. The compound could be hydrolyzed, and the cobalt oxalate precipitate appeared by increasing the water content in the DES. Finally, the DES for the recovery of LCO could be cycled four times with favorable selectivity. A low-pollution, efficient, process-simple, and precipitant-free technology using a microwave-assisted DES for selective recovery of LCO was proposed, which provided an important reference method for large-scale recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Efficient and Precipitant-Free Approach to Selectively Recover Lithium Cobalt Oxide Made for Cathode Materials Using a Microwave-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Energy Fuels

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“…Wang et al also revealed that 89.1 wt % of Co was extracted when the LiCoO 2 cathode material was leached in ChCl–urea at 170 °C for 12 h with vigorous stirring . DES is proven to be a feasible approach for extracting critical metals from spent LIBs. − However, its application is still limited by high operation temperature (180–220 °C) and long reaction time (18–24 h), associated with high energy consumption and production cost . In addition, the diversity of constituent elements and differences in the crystal structures of metal compounds would limit the selectivity in extracting critical metals from multisource and heterogeneous hybrid cathode materials, thus lowering the feasibility of solvometallurgy systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Extraction of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wang

Liu

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Selective and highly efficient extraction technologies for the recovery of critical metals including lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese from spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode materials are essential in driving circularity. The tailored deep eutectic solvent (DES) choline chloride–formic acid (ChCl–FA) demonstrated a high selectivity and efficiency in extracting critical metals from mixed cathode materials (LiFePO4:Li(NiCoMn)1/3O2 mass ratio of 1:1) under mild conditions (80 °C, 120 min) with a solid–liquid mass ratio of 1:200. The leaching performance of critical metals could be further enhanced by mechanochemical processing because of particle size reduction, grain refinement, and internal energy storage. Furthermore, mechanochemical reactions effectively inhibited undesirable leaching of nontarget elements (iron and phosphorus), thus promoting the selectivity and leaching efficiency of critical metals. This was achieved through the preoxidation of Fe and the enhanced stability of iron phosphate framework, which significantly increased the separation factor of critical metals to nontarget elements from 56.9 to 1475. The proposed combination of ChCl–FA extraction and the mechanochemical reaction can achieve a highly selective extraction of critical metals from multisource spent LIBs under mild conditions.

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“…DESs are the liquid mixture of two or more compounds interacting through hydrogen bonds or halogen bonds. ,, The individual compounds are known as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) or hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs). Not only DESs show similar benign properties to the ionic liquids (ILs), such as low volatility, low flammability, and low melting point, but also it has the unique advantages of a simple synthesis procedure, high atomic utilization rate, and high product purity. − Due to these favorable properties of DESs, they have been paid much attention in many areas. − ,− …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpectedly Superhigh Toxicity of Superbase-Derived Deep Eutectic Solvents albeit High Efficiency for CO₂ Capture and Conversion

Cao

Sun

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Superbase-derived deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered as biodegradable, low toxic, and sustainable solvents for efficient capture and conversion of carbon dioxide. However, do superbase-derived DESs have low toxicity just as reported? Herein, contradictory to the conventional thought, we find that the toxicity of superbase-derived DESs is super high. The toxicity of superbase-derived DESs in this work could be ca. 266 times that of DESs previously reported. Moreover, toxicity could be tuned by changing hydrogen bond donors, hydrogen bond acceptors, and mole ratios. The results indicate that the types of hydrogen bond donors had a paramount effect on the toxicity of DESs, and increasing the molar ratio of higher toxic components will also increase the toxicity of DESs. This work will provide possible ways to reduce the toxicity of DESs for achieving sustainable and green capture and conversion of carbon dioxide.

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Separation of nickel from cobalt and manganese in lithium ion batteries using deep eutectic solvents

Abstract: A cornerstone of the decarbonisation agenda is the use of lithium ion batteries, particularly for electric vehicles. It is essential that effective recycling protocols are developed and this includes the...

Cited by 62 publications

References 55 publications

An Efficient and Precipitant-Free Approach to Selectively Recover Lithium Cobalt Oxide Made for Cathode Materials Using a Microwave-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent

An Efficient and Precipitant-Free Approach to Selectively Recover Lithium Cobalt Oxide Made for Cathode Materials Using a Microwave-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent

Selective Extraction of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Unexpectedly Superhigh Toxicity of Superbase-Derived Deep Eutectic Solvents albeit High Efficiency for CO₂ Capture and Conversion

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Separation of nickel from cobalt and manganese in lithium ion batteries using deep eutectic solvents

Abstract: A cornerstone of the decarbonisation agenda is the use of lithium ion batteries, particularly for electric vehicles. It is essential that effective recycling protocols are developed and this includes the...

Cited by 62 publications

References 55 publications

An Efficient and Precipitant-Free Approach to Selectively Recover Lithium Cobalt Oxide Made for Cathode Materials Using a Microwave-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent

An Efficient and Precipitant-Free Approach to Selectively Recover Lithium Cobalt Oxide Made for Cathode Materials Using a Microwave-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent

Selective Extraction of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Unexpectedly Superhigh Toxicity of Superbase-Derived Deep Eutectic Solvents albeit High Efficiency for CO2 Capture and Conversion

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Product

Resources

About

Unexpectedly Superhigh Toxicity of Superbase-Derived Deep Eutectic Solvents albeit High Efficiency for CO₂ Capture and Conversion