Separation of particle size and lattice strain in integral breadth measurements

Halder, N. C.; Wagner, C. N. J.

doi:10.1107/s0365110x66000628

Cited by 439 publications

(174 citation statements)

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“…This is due to the reduction of the structure defects and internal stresses which result from the rearrangement of the atoms in the structure. In order to separate the microstrains ε and crystallites size D effect on the line broadening, we used the approximation introduced by Halder and Wagner [16,17]:…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Annealing time effect on the properties of CuInSe2 grown by electrodeposition using two electrodes system

Bouraiou¹,

Aida²,

Mosbah³

et al. 2009

Braz. J. Phys.

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In this paper, we report the effect of annealing time on the properties of copper indium diselenide CuInSe 2 films. The CuInSe 2 thin films have been grown at room temperature by electrochemical deposition technique using two electrodes system. The as deposited films were annealed under argon atmosphere at 300 o C during 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The structural and morphological properties of the resulting films were characterized respectively by means of x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical band gap was estimated from transmittance measurements. We have found, that after annealing, all films present CuInSe 2 in its chalcopyrite structure and with preferred orientation along <112> direction. The film annealed during 45 min exhibits better crystallinity and excellent optical properties. The SEM pictures show that the elaborated films have a uniform surface morphology with a homogeneity distribution of crystallites, the grain became higher in size with prolongation of annealing time; it lays in the range of 195 to 515Å.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A comparison with the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card was done for the identification of the observed peaks. The crystallites size D is calculated from the Halder and Wagner approximation [16,17].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annealing time effect on the properties of CuInSe2 grown by electrodeposition using two electrodes system

Bouraiou¹,

Aida²,

Mosbah³

et al. 2009

Braz. J. Phys.

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“…If it is assumed that p(ε) is the Cauchy function and s(ε) is the Gaussian function (which is often cited in the literature), it follows that for the integral widths of the profiles f(ε), p(ε) and s(ε) the following (approximate) equation is valid: [17,18] …”

Section: Information Revealed By Diffraction In Polycrystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A successful determination of these microstructural parameters strongly depends on the accurate measurement of profiles of diffraction maxima and on the applied mathematical procedure including a minimization of systematic aberrations. [3,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] For a given diffraction maximum (diffraction line), the observed profile, h(ε), is the convolution of the instrumental profile, g(ε), and pure diffraction profile, f(ε):…”

Section: Information Revealed By Diffraction In Polycrystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contemporary Diffraction Methods in Study of Polycrystals

Popović¹,

Tonejc²,

Skoko³

2015

Croat. Chem. Acta

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Diffraction in the polycrystal/crystalline powder is one of the most powerful techniques in study of microstructure and crystal structure of solids. This technique enables, in synergy with microscopic, spectroscopic and other physical techniques, a complete analysis of onephase and multi-phase substances, that are important in scientific and technological fields. Information on microstructure and crystal structure of a substance is stored in its diffraction pattern; in order to reveal this information, the diffraction pattern should be decoded by application of adequate mathematical and physical procedures which may often be rather complex. During the last decades, diffraction techniques in the polycrystal are developing rapidly due to the introduction of sophisticated instrumentation, powerful computers and by application of synchrotron radiation. This advance enables the collection and interpretation of diffraction data in a short real time as well as the study of time-resolved dynamic processes in the crystalline substance. Possibilities of diffraction techniques in the polycrystal are concisely described and illustrated by examples of authors' scientific studies.Keywords: X-ray diffraction, microstructure, crystal structure, recent advancement in diffraction. DIFFRACTION IN THE POLYCRYSTALIFFRACTION is a phenomenon in which the beam of X-rays, electrons or neutrons, by passing through a single crystal or a polycrystal, deviates from the initial direction due to the scattering on the structural motifs (atoms, ions, molecules) in the crystal. The scattered waves give rise to diffraction maxima in a set of discrete space directions due to their mutual constructive interference. These directions strongly depend on the periodicity and symmetry of the crystal. The set of diffraction maxima represent the diffraction pattern of the single crystal / polycrystal. The intensities of diffraction maxima depend on the nature of structural motifs and their mutual space arrangement. Therefore, diffraction techniques are ideal in the study of the crystal structure and microstructure: space periodicity in the crystal, unit-cell parameters (unit-cell edges a, b and c and angles among them, α, β and γ), symmetry elements which determine the space group, space periodical arrangement of structural motifs, identification of particular atoms and their coordinates, definition of the nature and length of their mutual chemical bonds, the angles among the chemical bonds, the size and shape of crystallites, distribution of crystallite sizes, the nature of the crystallite / grain boundary, stresses and strains inside the crystallite, point, planar and volume defects inside the crystallite, phase transitions in a given substance and the definition of its phase diagram, etc.In determination of the crystal structure, diffraction in the single crystal has an advantage in relation to the diffraction in the polycrystal. That is a consequence of the fact that the 3D data, obtained by diffraction in the single crystal, are transferred ...

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“…Here, we approximated the crystallite shapes as rectangular; therefore, the Scherrer constant was corrected by multiplying it by 1.3. The effect of the lattice strain on the evolution of the FWHM and peak broadening was calculated by the Williamson-Hall method [63,64] and was found to be negligible. Therefore, Equation (4) was assumed to be adequate for the estimation of the domain size.…”

Section: Pristine Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Ultrasonic Substrate Vibration on Nucleation and Crystallization of PbI2 Crystals and Thin Films

Zabihi

Eslamian

2018

Crystals

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Preparation of defect-free and well-controlled solution-processed crystalline thin films is highly desirable for emerging technologies, such as perovskite solar cells. In this work, using PbI 2 as a model solution with a vast variety of applications, we demonstrate that the excitation of a liquid thin film by imposed ultrasonic vibration on the film substrate significantly affects the nucleation and crystallization kinetics of PbI 2 and the morphology of the resulting solid thin film. It is found that by applying ultrasonic vibration to PbI 2 solution spun onto an ITO substrate with a moderate power and excitation duration (5 W and 1 min for the 40 kHz transducer used in this study), the nucleation rate increases and the crystals transform from 2D or planar to epitaxial 3D columnar structures, resulting in the suppression of crystallization dewetting. The effects of various induced physical phenomena as a result of the excitation by ultrasonic vibration are discussed, including microstreaming and micromixing, increased heat transfer and local temperature, a change in the thermodynamic state of the solution, and a decrease in the supersaturation point. It is shown that the ultrasonic-assisted solution deposition of the PbI 2 thin films is controllable and reproducible, a process which is low-cost and in line with the large-scale fabrication of such solution-processed thin films.

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Separation of particle size and lattice strain in integral breadth measurements

Cited by 439 publications

References 1 publication

Annealing time effect on the properties of CuInSe2 grown by electrodeposition using two electrodes system

Annealing time effect on the properties of CuInSe2 grown by electrodeposition using two electrodes system

Contemporary Diffraction Methods in Study of Polycrystals

Effect of the Ultrasonic Substrate Vibration on Nucleation and Crystallization of PbI2 Crystals and Thin Films

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