Separation of storage and retrieval factors in free recall of clusterable pairs.

Abstract

A two-factor hypothesis is provided for the spacing effect in free recall of twoitem clusters, (a) The formation and storage of clusters is more likely with small within-category spacing, and (b) the retrieval of clusters is more likely with large within-category spacing. The hypothesis is studied on three levels of increasing theoretical sophistication. Central to all the analyses is the representation of pair-clustering data in terms of basic events in an underlying sample space. At the lowest level, descriptive measures of category recall are shown to vary with spacing in a complex manner that is consistent with, but in no way demonstrative of, the two-factor hypothesis. Next, a simple statistical model is formulated that permits measurement of hypothetical storage and retrieval contributions to pair clustering. A study of these two quantities provides direct support for the two-factor hypothesis. Finally, the two-factor hypothesis is embedded in a multilevel Markov model for pair clustering that postulates separate short-term and long-term memory states. The model provides a good account of trial-to-trial changes in the basic events of pair clustering.

Is prospective memory related to depression and anxiety? A hierarchical MPT modelling approach

“…This provides us with individual model parameter estimates and thus allows us to run correlations with other variables. Smith and Batchelder (2010) described a method for using beta distributions with the pair-clustering MPT model (Batchelder & Riefer, 1980, and Arnold, Bayen, Kuhlmann, and Vaterrodt (2013) applied it to the MPT model of source monitoring (Bayen, Murnane, & Erdfelder, 1996). We customised this method for the MPT model of event-based PM.…”

Experimental analysis of storage and retrieval processes involved in retroactive inhibition: The effect of presentation mode

“…In an experiment that did not employ interpolated material, Batchelder and Riefer (1980) found presentation mode to affect storage and retrieval processes in the way summarized in their two-factor hypothesis. The present data confirm this hypothesis: in the respective likelihood-ratio tests the storage parameter is larger and the retrieval parameter is smaller in the massed versus the distributed presentation mode.…”

“…Second, for each level of interpolation, it is tested whether the storage and retrieval processes behave similarly across presentation modes. This test addresses the question of whether Batchelder and Riefer's (1980) two-factor hypothesis may be generalized to retroactive inhibition.…”

“…However, some studies demonstrate that, when no interpolated material is employed, the presentation mode of categorizable items can affect recall (Cofer et al 1966;Borges and Mandler 1972;Glanzer 1969). Batchelder and Riefer (1980) examine whether the presentation mode of categorizable items affects storage and retrieval processes, and whether it affects them differentially. They postulate a two-factor hypothesis: (i) storage of categorizable items is more likely when the items belonging to one category are presented massed; (ii) retrieval of categorizable items that are stored together is more likely when the items belonging to one category are presented in a distributed manner.…”

“…The lists contain conceptually categorizable word pairs. By applying Batchelder and Riefer's (1980) storage-retrieval model, it is tested how these two factors influence storage and retrieval processes. First, for both presentation modes, it is tested whether interpolation affects storage and/or retrieval.…”