Separation of yttrium from rare earth using hollow fiber-supported liquid membrane: factorial design analysis

Kunthakudee, Naphaphan; Sunsandee, Niti; Pancharoen, Ura; Ramakul, Prakorn

doi:10.1080/19443994.2014.989275

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Sc [49,50], Y [51], Ho [52] Membrane Separation Sc [53], Y [54], La [55], Nd [56,57], Ho [58,59], Er [60], Yb [61,62], Lu [63,64]…”

Section: Ion Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the REEs Energy Footprint: Interlocking AI/ML with an Empirical Approach for Analysis of Energy Consumption in REEs Production

Pathapati,

Singh,

Free

et al. 2024

Processes

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Rare earth elements (REEs including Sc, Y) are critical minerals for developing sustainable energy sources. The gradual transition adopted in developed and developing countries to meet energy targets has propelled the need for REEs in addition to critical metals (CMs). The rise in demand which has propelled REEs into the spotlight is driven by the crucial role these REEs play in technologies that aim to reduce our carbon footprint in the atmosphere. Regarding decarbonized technologies in the energy sector, REEs are widely applied for use in NdFeB permanent magnets, which are crucial parts of wind turbines and motors of electric vehicles. The underlying motive behind exploring the energy and carbon footprint caused by REEs production is to provide a more complete context and rationale for REEs usage that is more holistic. Incorporating artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) models with empirical approaches aids in flowsheet validation, and thus, it presents a vivid holistic picture. The energy needed for REEs production is linked with the source of REEs. The availability of REEs varies widely across the globe. REEs are either produced from ores with associated gangue or impurities. In contrast, in other scenarios, REEs can be produced from the waste of other mineral deposits or discarded REEs-based products. These variations in the source of feed materials, and the associated grade and mineral associations, vary the process flowsheet for each type of production. Thus, the ability to figure out energy outcomes from various scenarios, and a knowledge of energy requirements for the production and commercialization of multiple opportunities, is needed. However, this type of information concerning REEs production is not readily available as a standardized value for a particular material, according to its source and processing method. The related approach for deciding the energy and carbon footprint for different processing approaches and sources relies on the following three sub-processes: mining, beneficiation, and refining. Some sources require incorporating all three, whereas others need two or one, depending on resource availability. The available resources in the literature tend to focus on the life cycle assessment of REEs, using various sources, and they focus little on the energy footprint. For example, a few researchers have focused on the cumulative energy needed for REE production without making assessments of viability. Thus, this article aims to discuss the energy needs for each process, rather than on a specific flowsheet, to define process viability more effectively regarding energy need, availability, and the related carbon footprint.

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“…Sc [49,50], Y [51], Ho [52] Membrane Separation Sc [53], Y [54], La [55], Nd [56,57], Ho [58,59], Er [60], Yb [61,62], Lu [63,64]…”

Section: Ion Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the REEs Energy Footprint: Interlocking AI/ML with an Empirical Approach for Analysis of Energy Consumption in REEs Production

Pathapati,

Singh,

Free

et al. 2024

Processes

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“…As a result, its comparatively low cost and high efficiency in improving a process have become its main selling point. This method has been used in a wide range of rare earth applications, such as in the separation of yttrium using hollow fiber [8], extraction of uranium from yellowcake [9], and extraction of rare from waste materials [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Extraction using Solvent Extraction: Which Factor Has the Most Significant Impact?

Ismail¹

2020

IJETS

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Using a two-level factorial design, a study was undertaken to change the parameters impacting the recovery of rare earth from rare earth mixture. The experimental design was used to screen and identify the major contributing aspects to rare earth recovery. The experiment aims to isolate samarium from a mixture of samarium, europium, and gadolinium. Factors involved consist of pH (pH 1 and pH 6), acid type (nitric acid and hydrochloric acid) and concentration (1.0M and 5.0M), mixing duration (30 min and 120 min), feed composition (20% samarium and 80% samarium), type of diluent (hexane and chloroform), temperature (room temperature and 60°C) and organic to aqueous phase ratio (1:1 and 2:1). The results showed that the samarium recovery was in the range of 0.98% to 90.88%. Based on analysis variance (ANOVA), five factors significantly affect the samarium recovery out of eight factors explored. The five factors according to the most significant order are pH> feed composition> organic to aqueous phase ratio>acid concentration>acid type>mixing duration>type of diluent> temperature. Statistical analysis shows that the linear model is significant, with the value of R2 is 0.9886. Based on the statistical data, five significant variables influence the separation of samarium. This research shows that two-level factorial design can anticipate significant variables impacting rare earth separation, particularly samarium, in the solvent extraction process.

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“…Cyanex 272, containing bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphonic acid as the main constituent, has been used to extract transition metals and lanthanides under appropriate conditions [27,28]. Diverse studies indicate that this extractant has several advantages including high selectivity, high separation factor and low aqueous acidity in extraction and stripping of rare earth ions [29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Recovery of Europium and Yttrium Ions with Cyanex 272-Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers

Martín

Jalaff²,

García³

et al. 2019

Nanomaterials

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Rare earth elements (REEs), which include lanthanides as yttrium and europium became crucial in the last decade in many sectors like automotive, energy, and defense. They contribute to the increment efficiency and performance of different products. In this paper nanofiber membranes have been successfully applied for the selective recovery of Eu(III) and Y(III) from aqueous solutions. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrospun nanofibers were impregnated with a commercial organic extractant, Cyanex 272, in order to increase their affinity to rare earth metals ions. The coated nanofibers were characterized by SEM, ATR-FTIR, and TGA. Firstly, the adsorption of Eu(III) and Y(III) were evaluated in batch mode. Experimental data showed that the adsorption of Y(III) and Eu(III) corresponds to pseudo-second order model, with Langmuir sorption model being the best fit for both target ions. The results demonstrated that the adsorption capacity was high, showing a maximum capacity of 200 and 400 mg/g for Y(III) and Eu(III), respectively. Additionally, the presence of interfering ions does not show significative effects in the adsorption process. Finally, experiments in continuous mode indicated that the adsorption of the target elements is close to 100%, showing that PAN-272 is a promising material for the recovery of earth metal ions.

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Separation of yttrium from rare earth using hollow fiber-supported liquid membrane: factorial design analysis

Cited by 16 publications

References 21 publications

Exploring the REEs Energy Footprint: Interlocking AI/ML with an Empirical Approach for Analysis of Energy Consumption in REEs Production

Exploring the REEs Energy Footprint: Interlocking AI/ML with an Empirical Approach for Analysis of Energy Consumption in REEs Production

Rare Earth Extraction using Solvent Extraction: Which Factor Has the Most Significant Impact?

Selective Recovery of Europium and Yttrium Ions with Cyanex 272-Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers

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