Separation of zirconium from hafnium in nitric acid solutions by solvent extraction using dibutyl butylphosphonate

Brown, A.E.P.; Wain, A.G.

doi:10.1016/0304-386x(78)90028-2

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Zr metal for use in the nuclear industry is required to have a Hf content <100 ppm, owing to its high neutron cross-section (Brown and Healy, 1978). Therefore, the separation step is crucial in the preparation of nuclear-grade Zr metal, but this is considered to be very difficult due to the close similarities in the chemical properties of Zr and Hf (Smolik, Jakóbik-Kolon and Porański, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Generally, the preparation of Hf-free Zr relies on the traditional wet routes, for example solvent extraction systems (Banda, Lee and Lee., 2012;Brown and Healy, 1978;Deorkar and Khopkar, 1991;Taghizadeh, Ghanadi andZolfonoun, 2011, 2008;Xu et al, 2012;Yang, Fane and Pin, 2002). In contrast to the traditional aqueous chloride systems, the dry processes have the advantage of producing much less hazardous chemical waste.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Selective sublimation/desublimation separation of ZrF4 and HfF4

Postma

Crouse

2017

J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.

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The separation of zirconium and hafnium, which is essential in the nuclear industry, is difficult due to the great similarities in their chemical and physical properties. In contrast to the traditional aqueous chloride separation systems, the current process focuses on dry fluoride-based technologies, which produce much lower volumes of chemical waste. In the present work, separation is achieved in both a sublimation and a desublimation step, where the Zr/Hf mole ratio varies between 160 and 245 across the length of desublimer and 86 to 40 within the sublimer. Model predictions for the sublimation/desublimation rates fit the experimental results well, with deviations becoming more apparent as sublimation proceeds. This may be attributed to crust formation preventing the system from reaching thermodynamic equilibrium. The model adequately predicts time-and temperature-dependent mole ratios of both the sublimer residue and of the desublimed mass. zirconium, hafnium, fluoride, sublimation, desublimation.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Selective sublimation/desublimation separation of ZrF4 and HfF4

Postma

Crouse

2017

J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.

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“…Amongst these are fractional crystallization [3][4][5][6], solvent extraction (also liquid-liquid extraction or partitioning, [3,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] [20,21] and sublimation [22,23].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Amongst these are fractional crystallization [3][4][5][6], solvent extraction (also liquid-liquid extraction or partitioning, [3,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] pertraction [14], ion exchange [3,[15][16][17], extraction chromatography [18,19], selective reduction [5], extractive distillation in molten salts [20,21] and sublimation [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sublimation Kinetics of Zirconium Tetrafluoride

Pretorius

Pienaar

Crouse

et al. 2014

AMR

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Abstract.An important step of a new process being developed for the beneficiation of the mineral zircon (Zr(Hf)SiO 4 ) to produce nuclear grade zirconium (Zr) metal, is the separation of the Zr from the hafnium (Hf). Zr ores typically contain between 1 and 3 % Hf, whereas the use of Zr metal in the nuclear industry requires a Hf content <100 ppm, owing to its relatively high neutron-capture cross section. The separation step is therefore key in the preparation of nuclear grade Zr, which is considered to be very difficult due to the various similarities in their chemical properties.The preparation of hafnium free zirconium relies on traditional wet separation systems, for example solvent extraction systems. In contrast to the traditional aqueous chloride systems, Necsa focusses on dry fluoride-based processes. Dry processes have the advantage of producing much less hazardous chemical waste.In the work reported here, separation is achieved by sublimation/de-sublimation in the tetrafluoride form. The tetrafluoride is prepared by fluorination of plasma dissociated zircon (PDZ or Zr(Hf)O 2 •SiO 2 ) with ammonium bifluoride (ABF). The separation involves the selective sublimation of the two tetrafluorides in an inert atmosphere under controlled conditions, and subsequent similarly selective desublimation.An accurate estimation of the sublimation rates of both the zirconium tetrafluoride (ZrF 4 ) and hafnium tetrafluoride (HfF 4 ) as a function of temperature is required since this forms the basis of the development of a sublimation model to determine whether the concept under consideration is theoretically possible. The sublimation kinetics of ZrF 4 is reported in this paper. IntroductionZirconium and hafnium in both metallic and compound states share a chemical similarity that is unequal by any other two homologous chemical elements in the periodic table [1]. This similarity results from their near identical atomic radii [2], and makes them difficult to separate. It is therefore quite a challenge to produce zirconium with hafnium levels of less than 100 ppm.The literature describes several methods used for the separation of Zr and Hf. Amongst these are fractional crystallization [3][4][5][6], solvent extraction (also liquid-liquid extraction or partitioning, [3,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] [20,21] and sublimation [22,23].Information on sublimation purification of ZrF 4 from non-volatile impurities practically only became available from early 1970 [24], after which its use as a purification technique became more apparent [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32].The AMI zirconium metal process developed by Necsa [33] involves the plasma dissociation of the mineral zircon to make it chemically reactive. The plasma dissociated zircon (PDZ) is fluorinated with ammonium bifluoride (ABF) to produce ZrF 4 . Hafnium and zirconium are then separated and the zirconium compounds are reduced to the metal which can then be purified. The focus here is dry fluoride-based processes which have the advantage of producing much less hazardous chem...

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Review of Developments in Hydrometallurgy in 1978

Wadsworth

1979

JOM

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Separation of zirconium from hafnium in nitric acid solutions by solvent extraction using dibutyl butylphosphonate

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Selective sublimation/desublimation separation of ZrF4 and HfF4

Selective sublimation/desublimation separation of ZrF4 and HfF4

Sublimation Kinetics of Zirconium Tetrafluoride

Review of Developments in Hydrometallurgy in 1978

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