Sepsis: mechanisms of bacterial injury to the patient

Minasyan, Hayk

doi:10.1186/s13049-019-0596-4

Cited by 162 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 263 publications

(272 reference statements)

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“…30 In this case, pathogens can directly reach the systemic circulation and cause catheter-related blood stream infection (CR-BSI) 31 or travel to various organs and induce organ failure. 32 Nosocomial infections would be widespread and would be important contributors to morbidity and mortality. This has public health implications causing increasing economic and human health impact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Pharmaceutical Quality of Selected Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin Infusions Marketed in South Eastern Nigeria</p>

Oli

Ibeabuchi

Enweani

et al. 2020

DHPS

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Background: Pharmaceutical products need to be of good quality and it is even more critical when it comes to life saving medicaments like infusions. Objective: This research surveyed the quality fitness of some ciprofloxacin and metronidazole infusion samples marketed in Southeastern of Nigeria. Methods: Using Official Compendial methods, microbiological quality, active pharmaceutical ingredients quantitation, pH and particle count tests were evaluated on eighty infusion bottles (from eight pharmaceutical companies) of each of the two drugs. Results: Out of the sixteen brands tested, 2 metronidazole brands and 1 ciprofloxacin brand (representing 18.75% of the total 16 brands/makes) were contaminated while the remaining 13 brands (81.25%) were found sterile. The active pharmaceutical ingredients quantitative assay showed that all the brands of ciprofloxacin infusion were between the 95% and 105% limit of label claim while one metronidazole brand has <95-110% limit label claim. Six brands each of the two drugs evaluated fall below the acceptable pH range [ciprofloxacin (3.5-4.6) and metronidazole (4.8-5.2)], while the other two brands of both drugs passed the test. In the antibacterial study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were susceptible to the ciprofloxacin (5 µg). However, Salmonella typhi recorded inhibition zone diameters within resistant and intermediate range. Peptostrepococcus spp was susceptible (at minimum inhibitory concentrations of 100 µg/mL) to all the brands of metronidazole, while none of the brands were effective on Lactobacillus spp. All the brands passed the test for particulate contamination. The particles size range was <10µm. Conclusion: About eighty-one percent (81.25%) of the infusions have acceptable good microbiological quality. However, 18.75% that failed the tests is a concern knowing that these are lifesaving products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Pharmaceutical Quality of Selected Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin Infusions Marketed in South Eastern Nigeria</p>

Oli

Ibeabuchi

Enweani

et al. 2020

DHPS

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“…Furthermore, Maître et al showed that diapedesis of neutrophils is at least partly dependent on ATP-P2X1 interaction [102]. It is therefore conceivable that ATP secreted by bacteria in the blood stream or by bacteria bound to platelets or erythrocytes [103] favors extravasation of leukocytes. Furthermore, it is well known, that some bacteria are able to survive within phagocytes and, therefore, these mechanisms could be exploited by some bacteria for its own dispersal throughout the body [104].…”

Section: Bacterial Atp As Potential Virulence Factor In Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular ATP as an Inter-Kingdom Signaling Molecule: Release Mechanisms by Bacteria and Its Implication on the Host

Spari

Beldi

2020

IJMS

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The purine adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is not only a universal intracellular energy carrier but plays also an important role as extracellular signaling molecule. Purinergic signaling is involved in many physiological and pathological processes like coagulation, inflammation, or sepsis in mammals. ATP is well-known as a messenger for intercellular communications in multicellular organisms, but phylogenetically much older unicellular organisms like yeast or bacteria use ATP as an extracellular signaling molecule as well. However, the mechanisms of ATP secretion by bacteria and its extracellular implications still have to be elucidated. This review will provide an overview of the current knowledge about bacterial extracellular ATP (eATP) under homeostatic conditions and during growth. Possible secretion mechanisms of ATP by bacteria will be discussed and implications of bacterial ATP are shown, with a focus on bacteria–host interactions.

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“…Erythrocytes play an important role in human innate immunity. Bacteria in the bloodstream can be attracted and kept by erythrocytes and killed by oxidation [23,24]. There is no doubt that erythrocytopenia would undermine the protective mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Factors and Microbial Spectrum for Infectious Complications after Hepatectomy with Cholangiojejunostomy in Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Chen

Sun

Yan

et al. 2020

Surgical Infections

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Background: Despite advances in surgical techniques and peri-operative management, post-operative infectious complications still are common after perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC). This study investigated the predictive factors and microbial spectrum for infections after hepatectomy with cholangiojejunostomy performed to treat PHCC. Methods: A total of 70 consecutive patients, who underwent hepatectomy with cholangiojejunostomy by the same surgeons at a tertiary referral medical center between September 2010 and January 2019, were enrolled. Clinical data were reviewed for multivariable analysis to find independent risk factors for infectious complications. Microorganisms isolated from bile and infection sites were counted to explore the microbial spectrum. Results: A total of 43 patients (61.4%) suffered post-operative infections (33 with surgical site infection [SSI], four with bacteremia, three with pneumonia, 10 with cholangitis, and two with fungus infectious stomatitis), and 28 of them (65.1%) had a positive bile culture. Four independent risk factors were identified: male sex (odds ratio [OR] 12.737; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.298-70.611; p = 0.004), red blood cell (RBC) count <3.8 • 10 12 /L (OR 5.085; 95% CI 1.279-20.211; p = 0.021), total cholesterol (TC) <2.90 mmol/L (OR 5.715; 95% CI 1.534-21.299; p = 0.009), and serum Na + >145 mmol/L (OR 10.387; 95% CI 1.559-69.201; p = 0.016) on post-operative day (POD) 1. A total of 217 and 196 microorganisms were cultured from 311 and 627 specimens, respectively, collected from pre-/intra-operative bile and possible infection sites. Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter, Streptococcus, and Escherichia were the most common findings of bile culture. The first five organisms most frequently isolated from infection sites were Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, and Candida. A total of 18 patients (64.3%) had at least one species isolated from infection sites that had appeared in a previous bile culture. Conclusions: Male sex, erythrocytopenia, hypocholesterolemia, and hypernatremia on POD 1 are independent risk factors for infectious complications. For patients without positive bile cultures, third-generation cephalosporins could be considered as the prophylactic antibiotic. It is important to monitor the pathogens throughout the hospital stay.

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Sepsis: mechanisms of bacterial injury to the patient

Cited by 162 publications

References 263 publications

<p>Pharmaceutical Quality of Selected Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin Infusions Marketed in South Eastern Nigeria</p>

<p>Pharmaceutical Quality of Selected Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin Infusions Marketed in South Eastern Nigeria</p>

Extracellular ATP as an Inter-Kingdom Signaling Molecule: Release Mechanisms by Bacteria and Its Implication on the Host

Predictive Factors and Microbial Spectrum for Infectious Complications after Hepatectomy with Cholangiojejunostomy in Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma

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