Septic Arthritis, Physitis, and Osteomyelitis in Foals

Glass, K.G.; Watts, Ashlee E.

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2017.03.002

Cited by 26 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…R. equi, a facultative intracellular organism, is challenging to treat due to limited antimicrobial penetration intracellularly and impaired vascular supply to established locations of R. equi bone infection in foals (2,5,12). In addition, antimicrobial resistant strains of R. equi are increasing, potentially due to the widespread use of macrolides and rifampin for sub-clinical disease on R. equi endemic farms (5,10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infection with R. equi, a gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium, typically presents as pyogranulomatous pneumonia in 1-to 6-month old foals. A common co-morbidity associated with R. equi pneumonia is hematogenous spread of bacteria (2), which can manifest as joint sepsis, vertebral body osteomyelitis or subcutaneous abscessation (3). The mortality rate for foals with clinical signs associated with R. equi pneumonia has been reported to be 30% (4), with mortality rates as high as 57% in foals with R. equi pneumonia in combination with extra-pulmonary disease (5,6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Joint sepsis secondary to hematogenous dissemination of bacteria is common in foals, and mortality rates for infection with various pathogens (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella, Actinobacillus equuli, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and R. equi, etc.) are reported to range from 42 to 84% (2). The prognosis for osteomyelitis caused by R. equi has been described as guarded to grave; however, many of these reports are more than 20 years old (3,8,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rhodococcus equi Joint Sepsis and Osteomyelitis Is Associated With a Grave Prognosis in Foals

et al. 2020

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The most common pathologic manifestation of Rhodococcus equi, a gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium, is pyogranulomatous pneumonia in foals and weanlings. Hematogenous spread of bacteria may subsequently occur, resulting in joint sepsis, osteomyelitis, or subcutaneous abscessation. Medical records from horses presenting to the Cornell University Equine Hospital from 1998 to 2018 were reviewed for cases diagnosed with R. equi joint and/or bone infection, and information about case progression and outcome were analyzed. We hypothesized that, despite advances in diagnostic imaging, antimicrobials and antimicrobial delivery methods, the prognosis for R. equi joint sepsis and osteomyelitis remains grave for athletic activity and poor for survival. The 12 cases that met the review criteria had a mortality rate of 84% (10/12), with one case lost to follow up after discharge and one case discharged with a grave prognosis for athleticism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rhodococcus equi Joint Sepsis and Osteomyelitis Is Associated With a Grave Prognosis in Foals

et al. 2020

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“…The prognosis and factors influencing prognosis for foals with septic arthritis with or without osteomyelitis have been reported in depth3 4 25 and the short‐term survival of foals may be more favourable than has been previously indicated26 probably due to improved early recognition and treatment. Even though an expedient diagnosis did not result in a successful outcome in this case, the clinical benefits of advanced imaging in establishing a definitive diagnosis and understanding the full extent of the disease were beneficial and will only improve management of similar cases in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Septic epiphysitis and sequestrum formation in the glenoid of the scapula in a five‐month‐old foal diagnosed by computed tomography

Clements¹,

Jones²,

Coomer³

2019

Vet Record Case Reports

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A five-month-old Connemara foal presented for acute-onset, severe left forelimb lameness with fever, neutrophilia and an elevated serum amyloid A concentration. Radiographs were suspicious of septic physitis of the proximal humerus. CT identified a large defect involving the central portion of the subchondral bone plate of the glenoid and a sequestered bony fragment within the defect, which were not seen radiographically. CT findings were consistent with septic epiphysitis and sequestrum formation, which had significant implications on available treatment options. The foal was given a poor prognosis for returning to soundness so was subject to humane euthanasia.

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“…[7–10]), whereas pathological and osteopathological aspects are still poorly known and described mostly from soft tissue [11–13] and bone fractures [14]. Conversely, bone diseases are very common in humans and domestic animals such as dogs, cats, and horses, with osteomyelitis being one of the most recurrent injuries in the appendicular skeleton of these groups [15–19]. Osteomyelitis is an infection that commonly affects the long bones, causing inflammation and destruction of the bone and bone marrow [20, 21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathology in the appendicular bones of southern tamandua, Tamandua tetradactyla (Xenarthra, Pilosa): injuries to the locomotor system and first case report of osteomyelitis in anteaters

et al. 2019

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Background The southern tamandua, Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758), is the most common species of anteater. Even though much is known about its ecology, behavior, and parasites, there is very limited information about bone diseases in Tamandua and other anteaters. Here, we examined postcranial skeletons of 64 T. tetradactyla museum specimens covering most of the material available in Brazilian collections. Results The following bone diseases were identified for the first time in Tamandua and other extant and fossil vermilinguans: osteophytes, osteitis, osteoarthritis, periostitis, exostoses, enthesopathies, and a severe chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis associated with fistulae, cloacae (pus), bone loss, and neoformation processes. Musculoskeletal reconstruction revealed that an old specimen was restricted to terrestrial locomotion due to osteopathological processes that impaired its climbing. Conclusions New osteopathological informations are presented for T. tetradactyla , favoring a better understanding of the expression of some bone diseases in wild animals. In addition, the diagnosis of these bone diseases in living anteaters provides useful information for studies on animal health and welfare, as well as contributing to the more effective recognition of paleodiseases in fossil xenarthrans.

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Septic Arthritis, Physitis, and Osteomyelitis in Foals

Cited by 26 publications

References 21 publications

Rhodococcus equi Joint Sepsis and Osteomyelitis Is Associated With a Grave Prognosis in Foals

Rhodococcus equi Joint Sepsis and Osteomyelitis Is Associated With a Grave Prognosis in Foals

Septic epiphysitis and sequestrum formation in the glenoid of the scapula in a five‐month‐old foal diagnosed by computed tomography

Pathology in the appendicular bones of southern tamandua, Tamandua tetradactyla (Xenarthra, Pilosa): injuries to the locomotor system and first case report of osteomyelitis in anteaters

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